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ORTHODONTICS IN GREECE & ROME

HISTORY OF ORTHODONTICS BDS 3 rd year Dr. Gyan P. Singh, Deptt. Of Orthodontics&Dentofacial Orthopaedics 25/08/2014 ( 12-1 PM),C.P. Govila Auditorium. ORTHODONTICS IN GREECE & ROME. HIPPOCRATES (460-377 B.C.) - Greek physician

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ORTHODONTICS IN GREECE & ROME

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  1. HISTORY OF ORTHODONTICSBDS 3rd yearDr. Gyan P. Singh,Deptt. Of Orthodontics&Dentofacial Orthopaedics25/08/2014 ( 12-1 PM),C.P. Govila Auditorium

  2. ORTHODONTICS IN GREECE & ROME HIPPOCRATES (460-377 B.C.) -Greek physician -Reference to both teeth & jaw were found in his writings. -Gave earliest description of irregularities of teeth. -All information collection in text—Corpus hippocraticum.

  3. Hippocrates , in his Epidemics found that; ‘Among those individuals with long shaped head some have thick necks, strong bones; others have strongly arched palate, their teeth are disposed irregularly arranged, crowding one on the other. 3

  4. -Aristotle (384 to 322 BC) - the Greek philosopher , studied the teeth in a broad manner -Marked difference between human teeth and those of animals and, in fact differences between the different species of animals

  5. AULIUS CORNELENIUS CELSUS (25 BC-AD 50 ) “If a second tooth should happen to grow in children before the first has fallen out, that which ought to be shed is to be drawn out & the new one daily pushed towards its place by means of the finger until it arrives at its proper position”. 5

  6. MIDDLE AGES (476 -1450) Paul of Aegina (Paulus Aeginata (625 – 690) wrote, ‘When supernumerary teeth causes an irregularity of of dental arches, they may be corrected by resection of such teeth or by extraction. Stated that ‘irregular teeth were ‘displeasing in women’

  7. RENAISSANCE PERIOD(14TH – 16TH CENTURY) LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452-1519) -Painted a smile on the lips of MONA LISA. -1st to recognize tooth form -1st to realize that each tooth was related to another tooth & to the opposing jaw.

  8. SIXTEENTH TO SEVENTEENTH CENTURY The first mention of practicing dentistry was exclusivelymade by Pierre Dionis(1658-1718). He called dentists ‘Operator for the teeth’ and stated that they could also open or widen the teeth when they are set too close together’

  9. EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Beginning in the 18th century, leading country in the field of dentistry was FRANCE. -Efforts of one man: PIERRE FAUCHARD (1678-1761) He is referred to as the ‘Founder of Modern Dentistry

  10. In1728 ,he published the general work on dentistry, 2 volumes entitled ‘THE SURGEON DENTIST ,A TREATISE ON THE TEETH’ Fauchard,described first orthodontic appliance Bandelette. 10

  11. - Consists of horse shoe shaped strip of precious metal to which teeth are ligated. 11

  12. JOHN HUNTER (1728-1793) -An English anatomist and surgeon, took keen interest in anatomy of teeth and jaws. 12

  13. His book-‘THE NATURAL HISTORY OF HUMAN TEETH’ in 1771 First to describe nomenclature to classify the teeth(incisors , bicuspids and molars) First to describe growth of jaws 13

  14. EUROPEAN PIONEERS OF EARLY 19TH CENTURY JOSEPH FOX(1776-1816) - ‘The Natural history and Diseases of Human Teeth’(1814) to the budding science of orthodontics. -First to classify malocclusion (1803) First to observe that mandible grows mainly by distal extension beyond the molars, with little or no increase in the anterior region. 14

  15. AMERICAN PIONEERS OF EARLY 19th CENTURY William Lintott (1941) - Introduced the use of screws - J. S. Gunnel (1840) Invented occipital anchorage for mandibular protrusion 15

  16. In the early 1900s ,groundbreaking scientists ,built the orthodontic edifice brick by brick. NORMAN W.KINGSLEY(1825-1896): Edward H. Angle referred to Kingsley as; ‘’Orthodontia’s greatest genius” Born on 2nd Oct 1825 Joined Dr. A.W. Kingsley, Pennsylvania. 1852 – first office in Oswego, New York. ORTHODONTICS PIONEER OF LATE 19TH CENTURY . 16

  17. After 1850, appeared: the most notable was Kingsley’s book “A Treatise on “Oral Deformities(1880)” - Cleft palate prostheses. Artificial replacement of missing parts. External immobilization. 17

  18. Over 100 articles on • Cleft palate rehabilitation. • Inadequacies of cleft palate surgery. • Obturators. • Orthodontic diagnosis. • Orthodontic appliances. • Introduced occipital anchorage

  19. - Described “Jump the bite”(1880) • Main objective was not to protrude lower teeth, but • to change or jump the bite in case of excessively • retreating lower jaw 19

  20. EMERSON C. ANGELL : open mid palatal suture with a split plate(1860) 20

  21. WILLIAM E. MAGILL ; first to cement (platinum) bands (1871) 21

  22. 1871 C.R.COFFIN : Kingsley student reported an expansion appliance which bears his name 22

  23. JOHN NUTTING FARRAR: ( 1839-1913)-Father of American Orthodontics - Began the era of biologic tooth movements. First to use occipital anchorage to retract anterior teeth (1850) - His treatise on “irregularites of teeth and their correction” (1888) is considered a great work devoted exclusively to orthodontics. 23

  24. - He recommended bodily movements of teeth (1888) - He originated the theory of intermittent forces and developed a screw to deliver this force in controlled increments 24

  25. In 1893, Henry A. Baker, introduced intermaxillary rubber bands to correct protrusion, known as ‘Baker anchorage”.

  26. EDWARD H. ANGLE (1855 – 1930) - Born in a farm in Pennsylvania on June 1st, 1855 . - Marked ability to improve & create mechanical equipment on the farm. - Developed a passion for simplicity in design. 26

  27. - 1878- Graduated from Pennsylvania College of Dentistry. • -1887 – Appointed to Chair of Orthodontia in dental department of University of Minnesota. • Conveyed through his paper, ‘Notes on Orthodontia with a New System of Regulation & Retention’ at 9th International Medical Congress. • 1887 – Ohio Journal of Dental Science. 27

  28. 1888 – Lecture to Iowa State Dental Society – demonstrated expansion arch & its auxiliaries. • 1894 – Professor of Orthodontia at Marian Sims College, receiving MD degree the following year.

  29. In 1900, founded the first postgraduateschool of orthodontics (Angle school of Orthodontia) • In 1907, founded, first orthodontic journal, (The American Orthodontist)

  30. “The best balance, the best harmony, the best proportions of the mouth in its relation to the other features require that there shall be a full complement of teeth & that each tooth shall be made to occupy its normal position - i.e. normal occlusion” 30

  31. Angle developed classification of malocclusions • ,published in – ‘Dental Cosmos’ in 1899. - Maxillary first permanent molar - stable landmark in craniofacial anatomy 31

  32. 32

  33. Angle stated - “The idea of a postgraduate school was forced upon me because I wished to see those who had a desire to study orthodontia better receive the opportunity to do so”. Angle had commenced informal instructions in orthodontia in his office in 1900. 33

  34. In May 1900 at a banquet in Dr. Angle’s office, the students & teachers decided that the time was ripe for an Orthodontic Society. The American Society of ‘Orthodontists’. On June 11, 1901, 10 members elected Angle as president. 34

  35. 1907 – moved his school to New York. 1908 – moved his school to New London, Conn., Decided to give up practice of orthodontia & devote himself to study, teaching & development of better appliances. 35

  36. - James Angle – first student of Edward H. Angle College of Orthodontia in California. - 1922– Graduates of Pasadena, St. Louis & New London formed The Edward H. Angle Society. • - Angle attended the last society meeting on June 1928 in New London, Connecticut. • - The society ceased to exist after his passing away in 1930. • -17 Nov,1930 – society reorganized & restarted from former members. 36

  37. - The heavy archwire was supplied in 4 designs, depending on treatment plan - 1. Basic E arch - used in mandible with Baker anchorage 1900-E -Arch Appliance 37

  38. 1901 Pin and Tube Appliance - Incredible degree of craftsmanship. - Impractical in clinical use. - Poor spring qualities. 38

  39. 1910-Ribbon Arch Appliance -First bracket was introduced by Angle in 1916 for use with his ribbon arch mechanism • Vertically positioned rectangular slot with ribbon arch of 10 • x 20 gold wire. • - Good spring qualities. • - Allowed versatile movements. 39

  40. 1925 EDGE WISE • Most accepted • Allows tooth movement in • the three plane • - Angle gave edgewise bracket,,later on C. Tweed gave edgewise appliance

  41. All said and done, Angle possessed extraordinary technical skills, a very inventive mind and an unbending, uncompromising nature which truly makes him a mechanical, technical and clinical genius, the repercussions of whose inventions and contributions are strongly felt even today. Very aptly and deservingly he is called the “Father of Modern Orthodontics’. 41

  42. CALVIN S. CASE (1847-192 1871-Graduated from Ohio college of dental surgery. - Wrote a practical treatise on “Technics and principles of Dental Orthopedia” (1908) and wrote 123 articles First to use along with Henry Baker Class II elastics and was the first to attempt bodily movement. 42

  43. CONTRARY to Angle ,Case used different type of appliance for each patient and stressed facial esthetics in contrast to Angle’s reliance on occlusion He advocated changing the name of speciality to ‘Facial Orthopedia’ 1892-First to stress on root movement & used rubber elastics in treatment. Rehabilitation of cleft palate deformities-Case type of obturator still in use 43

  44. Case used headgears for cleft patients and other His greatest contributions to be prosthetic correction of cleft palate. - First to use light wires (.016-.018) Advocated extraction to correct facial deformities Case’s 1911 paper provoked acrimonious debate that came to be known as “Great Extraction v/s non extraction debate” 44

  45. The Great Extraction Controversy :recommended extraction :opposed it on the ground that it inhibits growth : It warned against undesirable sequelae P.FAUCHARD & CELSUS HUNTER DELABARRE

  46. CASE : Appeared in Chicago before National Dental Association’s annual meeting in July (1911) with his paper “The question of extraction in Orthodontia” Discussion erupted into full scale debate.. He was supported by impressive argument Matthew Cryer ,a renowned anatomist. 46

  47. Martin Dewey (1881-1933) . Born in 1881, Kansas. 1902-attended one of the first classes of Angle school of orthodontics. 1914- ‘Practical orthodontics’ - orthodontic philosophy and mechanical procedures. 1911-Dewey school of orthodontia. 47

  48. MARTIN DEWEY : - Advocated non extraction and challenged Case. - orthothought ,including Early regulation,Heredity, Bone growing and Evolution. - But Angle’s follower won the day and for next 30 yrs extraction disappeared- 48

  49. - Orthodontist such as John Mershon, Joseph Johnson ,George Crozat ,whose appliances relied on non-extraction philosophy,helped perpetuate this philosophy. - But by 1930’s dentist were beginning to notice relapse… 49

  50. Charles A. Hawley (1861 – 1929) - 1908 - introduced ‘Hawley’s retainer appliance’ 50

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