Classical Greece and Rome

1. Classical Greece and Rome

2. Greece and Rome • 1. Ancient Greece • 2. Alexander the Great/Hellenistic Age • 3. Roman Empire • 4. Dark/Middle Ages

3. http://www.mead.k12.wa.us/SHILOH/Griffith/MrGsWebPage2/Ancient_Greece/Ancient%20Greece.jpghttp://www.mead.k12.wa.us/SHILOH/Griffith/MrGsWebPage2/Ancient_Greece/Ancient%20Greece.jpg

4. Geography of Greece • Mountainous peninsula, rugged terrain • Numerous islands • Sea serves as a mode of travel and trade • Geog. Isolation of the individual poleis • Mediterranean Climate • Dry summer, wet winter • Difficult for most types agriculture • Great for olives, grapes, barley

5. http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ralph/ralimage/map4gree.jpghttp://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ralph/ralimage/map4gree.jpg

6. Early Greek Cultures • Minoan: 2700-1450 BCE • Located on Crete • King Minos • Palace Complex at Knossos • Reveals a rich culture; elaborate decoration • Sudden destruction • Natural disaster OR invasion

7. http://www.odysseyadventures.ca/articles/knossos/knossos_aerial.jpghttp://www.odysseyadventures.ca/articles/knossos/knossos_aerial.jpg Palace Complex at Knossos: Minoa http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~warfare/Lectures/Images/1.30/36_knossos_bull_fresco.JPG http://www.explorecrete.com/archaeology/images/knossos01.jpg

8. Early Greek Cultures • Mycenaean: 1600-1000 BCE • Settled by Indo-Europeans (1900 BCE) • Grew into powerful monarchies • Warriors and traders • Royal family lived in fortified palaces • Bee-hive tombs to bury dead (known as Tholos) • Setting of Homer’s epic poems • Trojan War (around 1250 BCE) • Debate over true existance of Troy • Heinrich Schleimann- 1870 • Decline due to internal conflict, natural disaster and invasion

9. Mycenaean Culture Funeral Mask http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/8/81/250px-MaskAgamemnon.png http://www.visitkarpathos.com/images/intelli/mycenaean-rhyton_bullshead_1200bc_tombonaok_new3.jpg Mycenaean Acropolis http://www.greeklandscapes.com/images/destinations/mycene/mycenae_aerial_photo.jpg http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/images/h2/h2_74.51.966.jpg

10. Dark Age • After fall of Mycenaea, Greece entered a Dark Age • Period of decline • Depopulation from mainland • Move to Ionia, Lesbos, and other islands • Poverty, lack of development • Most important development: adoption of the Phoenician alphabetic system • Simplified to only 24 letter

11. http://www.umassd.edu/studentactivities/greek/pics/greek_alphabet.gifhttp://www.umassd.edu/studentactivities/greek/pics/greek_alphabet.gif

12. Greek City-States • Independent, self-governing city-state known as a polis • Fortified acropolis: place of refuge in attack; site of government buildings and temples • Surrounded by agora: open market place • Hundreds of poleis, vary in size and pop. • Sparta: largest territory • Athens: largest Population

13. Hoplite Warfare • Competition among poleis led to war • Hoplite warfare emerged as a form of defense • Marched in phalanx • Each man protecting the next • Quick battles, well-suited for farmers • Did not require expensive gear or great deal of training

14. Hoplite http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/images/Hoplite4thcentury.jpg Phalanx http://www.wargames.co.uk/Pending/Archive/May04/phalanx-LDS.jpg

15. Greek Colonies • After the Dark Age, Greece experienced a growth in population • Due to advances in agricultural techniques • Over population led to colonization • Sent out colonies in: North Africa, Mediterranean, and Black Sea regions • Increased trade with mainland • Olive oil, wine, pottery in exchange for timber, grain, and metals

16. Spread of Greek Colonieshttp://www.worldcoincatalog.com/AC/C2/Greece/AG/GreekColonies500BCE.jpg

17. Greek Government • Various styles of Government • Depending on the polis • Tyranny: common up until 500’s • Strongmen who seized power, often w/ support of peasantry • Took power from aristocrats • Oligarchy: “rule by the few” very common • Council of wealthy aristocrats or elders • Democracy: “rule by the people” • Athens • Limited suffrage; only free men allowed to vote and participate

18. Sparta • Chose not to send out colonies • Conquered neighboring city-states • Forced conquered people to become Helots • Produced food to feed the Spartans • Often rebelled; put down by Spartan military • Militaristic, rigid society • Children began education at 7 • Taught to be disciplined and obedient • Boys and girls train to be fit and disciplined • Boys live in barracks until age of 30, in army until 60 • Simple meals taken in mess hall

19. http://www.utexas.edu/courses/introtogreece/lect10/emapSparta9907210001.jpghttp://www.utexas.edu/courses/introtogreece/lect10/emapSparta9907210001.jpg

20. Sparta • Society in Sparta: • Women lived in separate homes until husband reached 30 • Young boys mentored by older Spartan soldiers • Often involved a sexual relationship • Minimalist lifestyle, no luxury items or wealth • Luxury items were thought to make a person weak • Government in Sparta: Oligarchy • Dual Kingship, Council of Ephors, Council of Elders • Only men participated in govt • Women, however, had relatively high status compared to Athens • Government encouraged isolation of Sparta • Often did not allow people to travel to or from Sparta • Discouraged the study of anything other than the art of war

21. Athens • Focused on learning, art, philosophy • Became center of Greek culture • Highest population of the poleis • Developed democracy after bad experiences with Tyranny and Oligarchy • Direct democracy: all eligible citizens (free men) can vote and serve in office • Meetings held every 10 days • Ostracism as method of eliminating harmful persons (ie. Ambitious politicians) • Person with most votes exiled for 10 years • Reached height of power after Persian War

22. Greek Religion • Polytheistic • 3 generations of gods • Best known was the 3rd Generation • Olympian Gods: Zeus as king of the gods • Complex rituals & festivals conducted to please the gods & earn favors • Gods believed to communicate through oracles • Most important was Delphic Oracle @ Delphi • No major decisions made without consulting the oracle

23. http://api.ning.com/files/CUTAFAUVwiWP-*2FKr6oSFRFJWZgJF-SRXV9z8X5XNU_/olympian.jpghttp://api.ning.com/files/CUTAFAUVwiWP-*2FKr6oSFRFJWZgJF-SRXV9z8X5XNU_/olympian.jpg

24. Greek Drama • Drama very popular in Greece • Huge influence on western world • Themes of Greek Drama • Humanism, good v evil, persistence, pride • Tragedies usually written in trilogies • Comedy became popular in later years • Popular dramatists • Aeschylus: Orestia • Sophocles: Oedipus Rex, Antigone • Euripides

25. Greek Philosophy • Philosophy: “Love of Wisdom” • Greek philosophers contemplated the universe and emphasized rational thought • 3 major philosophers • Socrates • Sculptor and teacher (Socratic Method of question/answer) • Accused of corrupting the youth of Athens • Found guilty, sentenced to death or exile • Chose death (drank hemlock poison) • Plato • Student of Plato • Prolific writer, established the Academy to teach others his ideas

26. Socrates http://www.behappyandfree.com/pdf/socrates Plato http://www.stenudd.com/myth/greek/images/plato4.jpg

27. Greek Philosophy • Aristotle: • Student of Plato • Interested in analyzing and classifying the world • Studied many subjects • Ethics, logic, politics, poetry, physics, astronomy, geology • His ideas would influence western thought for hundreds of years • Researched government, determined there are 3 desirable forms of government • Monarchy, aristocracy, and constitutional government

28. Aristotle http://www.stenudd.com/myth/greek/images/aristotle2.jpg

29. Writing of History • Herodotus: seen as Father of history in western world • Wrote about the Persian War • Much discussion of divine forces (ie, the gods) • Thucydides: • Athenian general in the Peloponnesian War • Wrote about the war • Focused mainly on human experiences, not gods • More methodical in his approach • Look at cause/effect

30. Art in Greece • Pottery used as a form of Art • Emphasis on balance and harmony • Humans often the subject of art (humanism) • Body seen as a thing of beauty • Often idealized • Sculptures emphasize toned bodies and serene faces • beauty • Architecture • Temples to honor gods • Use of Columns • Parthenon: most famous example of Classical Greek Architecture

31. http://ancientgreecemoberly.pbwiki.com/f/parthenon-and-the-acropolis-landmark-1.jpghttp://ancientgreecemoberly.pbwiki.com/f/parthenon-and-the-acropolis-landmark-1.jpg http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Arts/Parthenon/Parthenon1.jpg

32. http://www.olsjschool.net/pages/subzone/images/art/gkdiscus.gifhttp://www.olsjschool.net/pages/subzone/images/art/gkdiscus.gif http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/10/13410-004-998D1D77.jpg

33. Persian War

34. Persian Empire • Greek expansion led to conflict with Persian Empire • Persian Empire • Cyrus The Great: unified the Persian Kingdoms • Captured Anatolia and Mesopotamia • Built power base by respecting local traditions and religion

35. Persian Empire • Cambyses (Cyrus’ son) expanded empire • Defeated Egypt, moved into Nubia & Libya • Darius expanded Persian rule into the Indus River valley and into parts of Europe • Social Stratification in Persia: • 3 classes: • Warriors and aristocracy • Priests • peasants

36. Persian Empire at its heighthttp://fotios.cc/papers/articles/medean_wars/persian_empire.gif

37. Persian Empire • Government in Persia • Divided empire into provinces • Satrap governed each province as a representative of the king • Position of Satrap was hereditary • Provinces paid tribute to the central govt. • Kings were aloof rulers, seen as gods • Persepolis: city where king and royal family conducted ceremonies

38. Persian Empire • Religion in Persia: • Zoroastrianism • World created by Ahuramazda • One supreme deity • Battle of good v. evil • Belief in afterlife where deeds would be rewarded or punished • May have influenced the beliefs of Judaism and Christianity

39. Persian War • 499 BCE: Ionian Greeks revolted against Persian rule (unsuccessful) • Aided by Athens • Darius vowed revenge for Greek interference • 490: Battle of Marathon • Athenian victory • 486: Darius died, Xerxes in control • Plans attack • Athenians buildup a navy

40. Persian War • 480: Xerxes leads invasion of Greece • Delayed at Thermopylae • Eventually advance • Athenians abandon city, which was nearly destroyed by the Persians • 479: Persians defeated by Greeks at Plataea

41. Athenian Empire • Delian League: Greek alliance to defend against Persian Empire • Led by Athens • Athens used league to build their own power • League treasury moved to Athens, money used to fund Athenian growth • Pericles: major figure in Athens • 461-429 • Helped promote democracy; very influential

42. Conflict with Sparta • Resentment grew between Athens and Sparta • Resulted in war • Peloponnesian War: 431-404 BCE • Athenians hid within the walls of Athens • Plague broke out in Athens • 1/3 of population died, including Pericles • Periodic truces followed by renewed conflict • Athens finally defeated in 404 • Peloponnesian War greatly weakened Greece • Internal fighting and conflict made them vulnerable • Eventually cost them their autonomy

43. Decline of Greeks, Triumph of Macedonia

44. Decline of Greeks • Internal conflict among city-states weakened Greece • Persians remained a threat • Regained territory in W. Asia • To north, Philip II began to transform Macedonia • Restructured military to include cavalry • Developed siege technology- catapult • Began to assert control over the Greeks

45. Triumph of Macedonia • Philip built organized a coalition to defend against Persia • Est. himself as leader • Assassinated in 336 BCE • His son, Alexander, took over where he left off

46. Empire of Alexander the Greathttp://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/graphics/alexanderempiremap_large.jpg

47. Alexander the Great • Alexander (356-323 BCE) • Used military to defeat Persians • Expanded influence into North Africa, Egypt and nearly all of Greece • Empire was short-lived • Power struggle after his death in 323 BCE • Empire split into 3 kingdoms • Seleucid, Ptolemaic, and Antigonid

48. Hellenistic Period • Alexander’s vast empire helped to spread Greek culture to other parts of the world • Even after his death, the Hellenistic Kingdoms continued to spread Greek culture • Govt. in Hellenistic Kingdoms: autocratic • Trade and learning flourished • Cities became cultural centers • Alexandria in Egypt very important city

49. Rome

50. Geography of Rome • Italy • Hilly terrain • Apennine Mts along eastern coast • Alps serve as barrier from north • Navigable rivers, access to Med. Sea • River valleys and volcanic soil good for ag. • Climate much like that in Greece • Abundance of Natural resources