Objectives :

1. Objectives: • Identify the states that supported the Union, the states that seceded, and the states whose loyalties were divided. • Describe the advantages each side had in the war. • Compare the different strategies used by the North and the South. • Summarize the results of the First Battle of Bull Run. • Describe the conditions soldiers in camp faced.

2. Terms and People: • border state – a slave state that did not secede • neutral – not favoring either side • martial law – a type of rule in which the military is in charge and citizens’ rights are suspended • blockade – a military action to prevent traffic from coming into an area or leaving it

3. Why did both the North and the South think they would easily win the war? Many Northerners and Southerners were confident that their side would win a quick victory. The North had a greater populationand more resources. The South had a more experienced military.

4. After the attack on Fort Sumter, President Lincoln asked states to send troops to end what he called a “rebellion.” This caused more southern states to secede. The western counties of Virginia refused to secede. These joined the Union as the state of West Virginia.

5. A key question at the start of the war was whether border states would side with the Union or the Confederacy. Both sides wanted to control the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.

6. Four border states did not secede:

7. The North was confident that it would win the war by taking advantage of its resources. These included: a larger population more acres of farmland more factories more railroad tracks The North was able to field, feed, and equip larger armies.

8. The Union had an advantage over the Confederacy in its amount of resources.

9. On the other hand, the South had the advantage of land. The North would have to invade land with which they were not familiar. Also, three generals, including Robert E. Lee, had resigned from the U.S. Army to help the South. Robert E. Lee

10. The North planned a multi-part strategy to defeat the South. • Blockade southern ports. • Seize Richmond. • Gain control of the Mississippi River and split the South in two.

11. The South had a simpler strategy. They only needed to defend their landuntil the Northern armies got tired of fighting. They also sought help from Britain and other European nationsthat relied on the South for cotton.

12. When the Civil War began, thousands of soldiers volunteered for the Union and Confederate armies. Many of these soldiers were young and inexperienced.

13. Life in an army camp was harsh. Soldiers faced boredom, disease, and even death. Camps were filthy and lacked clean water. Outbreaks of diseases swept through the ranks. Captured soldiers were placed in overcrowded prison camps. Thousands diedfrom starvation or exposure.

14. However, in the north, newspapers called for a quick end to the war. Because many soldiers were unskilled, Union General Irvin McDowell wanted time to train his men. Union soldiers marched towards Richmond. During the First Battle of Bull Run,Confederate general “Stonewall” Jackson and his men held firm.

15. Inexperienced Union soldiers panicked and then retreated, but the Confederates were too exhausted to pursue them. Bull Run was an early sign that the war would be long and costly.

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17. Objectives: • Explain how new weapons made fighting the Civil War more dangerous. • Describe the course of the war in the East in 1862. • Describe the early days of the war in the West and at sea.

18. Terms and People: • ironclad – warships covered with protective iron plates • casualty – a person killed, missing, or wounded in action • George McClellan – very organized but cautious Union General • Ulysses S. Grant – Union General who was very successful in the West

19. How did both sides in the war try to gain an advantage over the other? After the First Battle of Bull Run, both the North and the South knew a difficult struggle lay ahead. Both sides searched to find the leaders and the strategies that would ensure victory.

20. New technology made the Civil War deadlier than any previous war. New rifles and cannonswere faster to load, more accurate, and had better range. Thousand of soldiers diedby following orders to cross open fields against these new weapons. Generals on both sides were slow to adapt to the new technologies.

21. Both sides also used warships covered with protective iron plates, called ironclads. Confederates used ironclads against Union blockades, while Union ironclads helped gain control of the Mississippi.

22. After the Union defeat at Bull Run, President Lincoln placed GeneralGeorge McClellan in command. McClellan trained his troops for seven months. Lincoln was frustrated by the delay. McClellan finally moved toward Richmond in March 1862, but he paused again to ask for reinforcements.

23. McClellan’s delay gave the Confederates time to prepare. In May 1862, Confederate troops stopped McClellan’s advance near Richmond. Although Union soldiers had been better trained, they were forced to retreat.

24. Both sides responded to the Confederate victory at Richmond. McClellan discovered Lee’s plan. He also learned that Lee’s army was split into two parts. Lee decided to invade the North. He hoped a victory there would gain him support in Europe.

25. McClellan attacked the larger part of Lee’s army in the Battle of Antietam. Both sides suffered huge casualties. Lee’s troops retreated. Lincoln was upset that McClellan did not pursue Lee.

26. The Battle of Antietamwas the bloodiest day of the Civil War for both Union and Confederate troops.

27. Meanwhile, Union armies in the West went on the attack under the command of Ulysses S. Grant. Grant and McClellan were very different. McClellan was cautiousand wore carefully fitted uniforms. Grant wore rumpled clothes and took chances.

28. Union forces made major advances in western land and naval battles in 1862. They took control of most of the Mississippi River. Grant’s army then marched toward a railroad center at Corinth.

29. Before Grant could reach Corinth, he was attacked by Confederate forces in Shiloh.

30. The Battle of Shilohwas costly yet important for both sides. The Southsuffered nearly 11,000 casualties. The Northlost more than 13,000 soldiers. Union forces gained control of western Tennesseeand part of the Mississippi River.

31. Two weeks later, a Union fleet led by David Farragut captured New Orleans, Louisiana. By the summer of 1862, Union forces had gained control of the entire Mississippi River. The Union hoped that its great progress in the West would be enough to win the war.

32. Section Review QuickTake Quiz Know It, Show It Quiz