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Stem Cells

Stem Cells. and Their Importance in Research and Bioethics in the 21 st Century…. (1). By: ED. What are stem cells?. Stem cells are relatively undifferentiated cells that can develop into any kind of cell in the human body. (2). What We Already Know About Stem Cells ….

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Stem Cells

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  1. Stem Cells and Their Importance in Research and Bioethics in the 21st Century… (1) By: ED

  2. What are stem cells? Stem cells are relatively undifferentiated cells that can develop into any kind of cell in the human body. (2)

  3. What We Already Know About Stem Cells … • Two types of Stem cells- Embryonic Stem cells and Adult stem cells • Bone Marrow Transplants- proven treatment -replaces stem cells that are damaged/destroyed • Blood Stem cells- same properties as bone marrow - less invasive; drawn blood sample • Umbilical Cord Blood Stem cells- rich of stem cells - rejected less often; non-developed cell surface molecules which cannot be recognized and will not be attacked by the host’s immune system

  4. How we are affected… • Targets our beliefs and values • Government controls funding- for any type of stem cell research i.e. US >> policy allows federal funding on research to existing ES cell lines Canada>> permits use of stem cells obtained from discarded products of in-vitro fertilization; excess and unused embryos (3)

  5. Bioethics and ES Cell Research • Controversy pertaining to what is being sacrificed for biological advances • EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS- main argument • Critics feel that destruction of embryos = killing a fellow human being • Human ES cell lines are made from inner cell mass of a blastocyst stage embryo • Embryos are destroyed when extracting stem cells • Have potential to develop into human beings. (5) (4)

  6. WHEN DOES LIFE START?? (6)

  7. New and Exciting Research • researchers in Kyoto University-Japan • found a way to convert human skin cells into stem cells without destroying embryos • Huge advancement; only stem cells has pluripotency • New cells - induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) • Have ability to change into any type of cell in the body • Not suited for medical therapies…yet • Uses viruses to inject genes into cells DNA- viruses insert genes at random locations causing mutations to occur (7)

  8. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells How it works: 1) Human skin cells called fibroblasts obtained by shallow penetration of skin 2)Grow samples containing thousands of skin cells in dish>> use viruses to carry genes into cell 3) Use genes that are active in embryonic stem cell but inactive in skin cells 4)Use different combination of 4 genes- genes work by controlling cell 5)After 12-25 days>>injected genes transformed skin cells into cells with key characteristics of ES cells. 6)Impossible to differentiate between these cells and real ES stem cells 7) Experiment produced 10-35 converted cells a.k.a iPS cells (8)

  9. Advanced Cell Technology • Researchers from Advanced Cell Technology- also come up with a way to create stem cells without destroying embryos • Already a procedure used in in-vitro fertilization known as preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) • Routine procedure used to determine if there are genetic diseases in embryo before implantation (9)

  10. Preimplantation Genetic Diagnoses • Procedure involves a 2 day old embryo • 8 cell blastocyst – remove one to examine DNA for genetic screening • Their procedure- place cell into lab dish and force it to replicate • Use one cell for screening and other cell(s) (with patients consent) for Stem Cells • Stems cells were normal and differentiated successfully! (9) (10)

  11. Why is all this important to the 21st century? Stem cell research will one day be the cure to many things like neurological diseases and spinal cord injuries. Although there are setbacks to research every day, researchers will not give up on finding resolutions to some of life’s most important problems. Even though these miniscule steps seem insignificant, they will only lead to evolutionary steps in the world of Stem Cell research. (11)

  12. Bibliography • _________. (2004) Biomedical Ethics and Reviews: Stem Cell Research. Human Press Inc: New Jersey • ________.(2004). Stem Cell 101. Retrieved January 03 2008 from http://www.stemcell.umn.edu/stemcell/stemcell101.html • ________. (2007). Stem Cell Therapies Today. Retrieved December 11th 2007, from http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/stemcells/therapies/index.html. • Browniee Christen. (2005) Do No Harm: Stem Cells Created Withought Destroying Healthy Embryos. Science News p(259). Retrieved December 10th 2007, from Access Science database. • Hamdy, Ronald C. (2006). To Condon or to Condemn? On Ethics of Stem Cell Research. Southern Medical Journal p(1414). Retrieved on December 28th 2007, from EBSCOhost database. • Parson B Ann. (2004) The Proteus Effect: Stem Cells and Their Promise for Medicine. Joseph Henry Press.: Washington • Patrick, Barry. (2007) Hold the Embryos. Science News p(323). Retrieved December 10th 2007, from EBSCOhost database. • Scott Thomas Christopher. (2006) Stem Cell Now: From the Experiment that Shook the World to New Politics of Life. Pearson Education Inc: New York.

  13. Picture References • http://www.leeds.ac.uk/medicine/intercalated/subjects/clinsci/achievements.html • http://psyberia.ru/mindterritory/micropsychoanalis • http://ppx.popsci.com/security/view.php?symbol=STMCURE • http://www.docadvocate.com/?p=764 • http://ethicscenter.nd.edu/events/nubec.shtml • http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/1398 • http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7151/fig_tab/448260a_F1.html • http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Releases/2005/Sep05/stemfact • http://paleceklab.che.wisc.edu/hescs_skin.htm • http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/politics/lascistemcells11jan11,1,2411417.story?track=crosspromo&coll=la-news-politics-national&ctrack=1&cset=true • http://www.abtconsult.com/

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