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Ghana, mali , & songhai

Ghana, mali , & songhai. By Shenu Kathymoon. Islam in Africa. The spirit of jihad, or Islamic holy war brought Islam into Africa By the tenth century, the rulers of Ghana converted And Malian emperors followed in the thirteenth century.

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Ghana, mali , & songhai

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  1. Ghana, mali, & songhai By Shenu Kathymoon

  2. Islam in Africa • The spirit of jihad, or Islamic holy war brought Islam into Africa • By the tenth century, the rulers of Ghana converted • And Malian emperors followed in the thirteenth century. • Although Islam was accepted by the rulers of these regions, people often preferred to remain loyal to their polytheistic traditions. • In some cases, they would blend the two. • Islamic law forbade its followers to enslave another Muslim. -Children born to an enslaved mother and a free father was considered free.

  3. The Role of Women • Islamic women were treated equally and enjoyed the greater privileges they had compared to other societies. • Both men and women were equal before Allah, women could own property (before and after marriage), and some were allowed to remarry. • However, they were to be veiled and secluded from the public to keep women away from the gaze of men • Among African women, an isolation of women created barriers against the acceptance of the Islamic religion.

  4. Ghana • Main imports include cloth, brocades, copper, and salt. • Its importance in trade was built upon its export of valuable gold.

  5. Timeline of Ghana • 711 AD: Islam spread to Africa and Spain. • 750 AD: Ghana began as a very powerful empire. • 800 AD: The kingdom of Ghana flourished because of its location along gold and salt trade routes (Sahara desert to the Mediterranean sea). This allowed more merchants to travel through the routes from 900 AD-1000 AD. • 977 AD: IbnHawqal visited Ghana and recorded things such as the influence the trans-Saharan trade route, warfare, and environmental pressures had on the people. He also recorded the geography. • 990 AD: Audaghost was captured and it allowed the empire to further spread its kingdom. • 1067 AD: Al-Bakri wrote the most detailed description of the Ghana Empire in any Arabic manuscript. • 1076 AD: An attack towards Ghana let to the eventual decline of the empire. (The attack was led by Kumbi Saleh by the Almoravids.)

  6. Mali (1240 AD) • Grew to be larger, wealthier, and more powerful than the Ghana Empire. • Famous for weaving, mining, and their architecture. • Civil war attacks from Songhai and Portuguese in Africa decreased the power of the Mali.

  7. Timeline of Mali • 1100: Pope Urban II decrees the first Crusade. They are a failure, but leads to an awakening of European culture. • 1230: Susu clan takes control of Ghana • 1255: Sundiata, a mandinka prince, defeats the Susu and gains control over Mali. • 1307: Sundiata dies, leaving Mali in control of the gold and salt trade routes. • 1320: Mansa Musa begins to rule as Malian emperor. • 1325: Mansa Musa’s hajj to Mecca (Al-Umari records his pilgrimage) • 1332: Gao is captured by Mali. • 1333: The death of Mansa Musa. • 1433: Mali has a civil war that leads to a division.

  8. Songhai (1464 CE) • Became the largest and most powerful state in West Africa by 1500 AD. • Famous for the empire’s education, improvement in banking and credit, and advancements in the uniform system of weights and measures. • Invasion was influenced by the gold and riches. • Weakened by internal conflicts

  9. Timeline of the Songhai Empire • Began around 1340 CE as a clan and became an official empire in 1464 CE. • Started in the territory around the capital city of Gao. • Emperor Sonni Ali (Ruled from 1464 to 1492 C.E.) • 1464 C.E: Sonni Ali is anointed emperor. • 1468 C.E: Ali captures Timbuktu and made it a learning center. • 1475 C.E: Captured the trade city of Djenne. • 1492 C.E: SonniAli is killed either by drowning or killed by future Empire Askia Muhammad. • 1493 C.E: Askiaclaimed the throne for himself and his family to rule. • Brought the Islam religion to the Empire as the state religion. • Made the empire reach its great area control throughout Mali, Ghana, and West Africa. • Encouraged many centers of learning in great Songhai cities, including Timbuktu and Djenne. • He established trade centers and rules throughout West Africa and trade routes through the Sahara. • The Songhai Empire declined soon after the reign of Askia ended, and was destroyed in around 1591 C.E. due to early gunpowder empires and European colonists.

  10. Sundiata Kieta (Mari Diata) • An ethnic Malinké • Son of NareMaghan, ruler of Kangaba in present- day Mali, West Africa. • From 1230 to 1234, he gathered Mandinka clans and led them to war. • They defeated the Soso clan and marked the decline of their empire. • Sundiata—meaning “lion prince”—took his power over the Mandinka and founded the Mali empire.

  11. Mansa Musa • Ruled the Mali empire from 1312 to 1327. • Brought the empire to its highest point. • During his reign, he completed his pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) and brought Mali fame throughout the world. • He traveled with 500 slaves, all of whom were carrying large amounts of gold. • His gifts of gold were so immense that the metal decreased in value and even corrupted economies.

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