1750-1914

1. 1750-1914 The Age of European Hegemony

2. The West gains strength • West now included North America • Industrial Revolution began ca 1750 in Great Britain • Spread throughout Northern Europe, North America • Massive coal deposits in Europe, North America aided industrialization • Industrial, communication, transportation improvements

3. Reasons for Western Expansion Since 1750 • The Three “shuns” (only for memory purposes, don’t use this term in essays!) • Industrialization: wealth, weapons, technology • Organization: nation-state competition, joint stock companies (corporations) • Exploitation: the ability of West to dominate and exploit other regions for raw materials, markets for finished goods

4. Influence of the Enlightenment • Use of reason, logic rather than reliance on emotion, tradition • Opposition to absolute monarchy, power of the Church • Call for freedom, religious tolerance, constitutional government • Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations, laissez-faire capitalism

5. Revolutions of Late 1700s • American Revolution: Enlightenment influence, opposition to British mercantile policies • French Revolution: American example, Enlightenment influence, opposition by bourgeoisie to absolute power of monarchy.

6. French Revolution: moderate, radical, moderate phase (typical pattern) • Moderate period 1789-1792: Constitutional monarchy • Radical period 1793-1794: Reign of Terror • Second Moderate period 1794-1795 (Thermidorean Reaction)

7. Napoleon Bonaparte in power 1797-1815 • Championed ideals of Revolution, but declared himself Emperor • Conquered much of Europe • Armies spread Enlightenment ideals, nationalism throughout Europe • Napoleon defeated and exiled 1815

8. Congress of Vienna 1815: Conservative/Reactionary group attempted to end Revolutionary ideals in Europe • Conservative rule lasts until 1848 in most of Europe

9. Conservatives: support traditional order, powers of the King and Church • Liberals: middle class franchise (vote), civil liberties, constitutional governments (most Europeans) • Radicals: working class (factories) democratic rule, limits or end to private property

10. Utopian Socialism • Advocated end to private property • Government ownership of industry, transportation, communication • End to social classes

11. Marxism (Scientific Socialism or Communism) • Karl Marx: The Communist Manifesto, Das Kapital • History determined by economic forces • Haves versus Have Nots in constant struggle • Proletariat (workers) will destroy Bourgeoisie • Classless society, no religion, no government, no classes

12. Nineteenth Century Europe • 1848 Year of Revolutions brought more liberal governments in most countries • Nationalism led to unrest in Austria, Ottoman Empire, Russia, and other multi-national states • Unification of Italy, Germany • Industrialization continued, revolutions in transportation, communications • Demands for worker’s, women’s rights • Artistic, scientific progress

13. Technological development and nationalist pressure led to increased militarism, arms race • Buildup to World War I • Western societies in other areas: United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand

14. Imperialism • Influence of Social Darwinism: survival of the fittest • Economic need for markets, raw materials • Nationalist pressure for empire • Need to provide employment, room for excess population • Laissez-faire capitalism

15. India Under British Rule • British East India Company controlled Mughal tax system • Company controlled sepoy army (better equipped than Mughal forces) • 1757 Battle of Plassey, beginning of British Raj (1757-1947) • British East India Company controlled India until 1857

16. 1857 Sepoy Rebellion • British government took direct control of India after Rebellion’s end. • Queen Victoria declared Empress of India • “The Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire • India forced into dependence on West, industries bankrupted

17. Similar policies followed by other imperialistic powers: France, Germany, Japan, United States, Belgium • European industrial power, wealth, and weaponry allowed imperial dominance: machine gun, dum-dum bullets • Battle of Omdurman

18. Indigenous peoples exploited, killed off: Belgian Congo, Tasmania, Hawaii • New Zealand an exception: accomodation between British, Maoris • Scramble for Africa late 1800s (quinine made Africa safer for Europeans) only Liberia, Ethiopia,uncolonized

19. Three Types of Colonies • White Dominions: “Little Europes” Canada, Australia, New Zealand, US. Indigenous peoples marginalized, powerless • Tropical Dependencies: Large indigenous populations controlled by small European population: India, most of Africa, S.E. Asia • Contested Settler Colonies: Indigenous population equal to or larger than Europeans, struggle for control: South Africa

20. South Africa and Boer War • South Africa part of British Empire, Boers retreated (Great Trek) to Orange Free State, Transvaal, Natal • Discovery of diamonds by Cecil Rhodes led to British expansion into Boer Republics • Boer War 1900-02: British victory, but confidence shaken

21. Latin America in Nineteenth Century • Spanish and Portuguese colonies influenced by Enlightenment, American and French Revolutions • 1791 Haiti Revolution: hope to slaves and mestizoes,mulattos, fear to creoles

22. Mexico • 1810 Father Hidalgo led Revolution of mestizoes, slaves, Native Americans. Failure, no creole support • 1821 Creole Revolution gained independence from Spain • Conservative

23. Brazil • Portuguese colony • Refuge for Portuguese royal family during Napoleonic era • 1822 son of King of Portugal declared independence, became Emperor Pedro I • Conservative revolution

24. South America • Liberal revolutions patterned on American Revolution • Simon Bolivar (North) and Jose de San Martin (South) • Democratic governments set up modeled on United States. Most overthrown by military rulers (caudillos)

25. US influence on Latin America began with Monroe Doctrine 1823 • Mexican-American War 1846-1848 saw loss of territory to US • 1862-1865 French takeover of Mexico (Maximilian von Hapsburg) ended after US Civil War.

26. Ottoman Empire • The Sick Man of Europe • Wars with Russia, Austria, nationalistic pressures in Balkans, European economic competition • Conservative influence of Janissaries • Tanzimat Reforms 1839-1876: Modernization and Westernization, decline continued

27. Muslim World • European domination • Muhammad Ali attempted Westernization and industrialization in Egypt, failed because of British economic pressure. • Mahdi Revolt (jihad) late 1800s Sub-Saharan Africa. Failed because of European military power.

28. Qing Dynasty China 1644-1911 • China continued to be wealthiest country until end of 1700s • Height of power under Emperors Kangxi and Qianlong • Early 1800s: Corruption of examination system. European economic pressure, internal problems • Opium trade (balance of trade)

29. Opium War 1839-1842: British weapons and naval power defeated Chinese • Treaty of Nanking guraranteed extraterritoriality for British • Other European nations forced Chinese into similar agreements • “Carving up the melon” China carved into spheres of influence.

30. Taiping Rebellion early 1860s: semi-Christian rebellion weakened China • Self-Strengthening Movement 1870s-1880s: Failed attempt at westernization • Boxer Rebellion 1900: last attempt to drive out Westerners • 1911 Revolution, Chinese Republic under Dr. Sun Yat-sen

31. Russia in the Nineteenth Century • 1825 Decembrist Revolt: attempt to bring more liberal government to Russia, failed • Reaction under Tsar Nicholas I 1825-1856 • Crimean War 1854-1856: defeat for Russia • 1856-1881 Reforms under Tsar Alexander II

32. 1861 Serfdom abolished (same general period as elimination of slavery and slave trade) • Industrialization, construction of railroads • Absolute monarchy maintained • Terrorism increased in response to reforms • Alexander II assassinated, repression under Alexander III • 1905 Revolution forced Nicholas II to grant Duma, (legislature with little power)

33. Lenin • Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) modified Marxism to fit Russia, a country with small bourgeoisie, little industry, large peasant population • Marxism-Leninism: Revolution will not be a mass movement, but led by small, well disciplined elites.

34. Japan in the Nineteenth Century • Tokugawa Shogunate in power since 1600. Dutch Studies group studied outside world • Japanese aware of and concerned by the exploitation of China in the 1800s • 1853. US fleet under Matthew Perry arrived in Tokyo Bay, requested resumption of trade.

35. 1868: Meiji Restoration began: Period of rapid modernization,industrialization, westernization. • Zaibatsus established, cooperation between government, business (still a factor in Japanese economy). • Constitutional monarchy established using German model.

36. Japanese military carved out sphere of influence in China. • Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905: Russia defeated • In face of rapid modernization, Japanese revived traditional religion of Shinto