1750-1914 Review

1. 1750-1914 Review

2. Industry and Imperialism

3. The Industrial Revolution • Began in Britain due to Agricultural Revolution and food surplus • New crops introduced from the New World • Crop rotating • Enclosure: fences put up for private farming and gain • New technology for plowing, seeding, reaping, etc • Half of population left farms for cities- urbanization

4. Textile Industry • Flying Shuttle [1733] • invented by John Kay • Sped up weaving process • Spinning Jenny [1764] • Invented by John Hargreaves • Capable of spinning vast amounts of thread • Cotton Gin [1793] • Invented by Eli Whiney • Vast amounts of cotton to be processed

5. Industrial Technology • Steam engine [1769] • Invented by Thomas Newcomer and improved by James Watt • Steamship [1807] • Invented by Robert Fulton • Steam powered locomotive [1820s] • George Stephenson

6. More Technology • The telegraph- [1837] Samuel Morse • The telephone- [1876] Alexander Graham Bell • The light bulb- [1879] Thomas Edison • The internal combustion engine- [1885] Gottlieb Daimler • The radio- [1890s] Guglielmo Marconi • The airplane- [1903] Orville and Wilbur Wright

7. Scientific Revolution Industrial Revolution Spread of knowledge

8. Factory System • Interchangeable parts- machines and parts produced uniformly so they could be easily replaced • Assembly line- each factory worker only adds one part to a finished product • “Man becoming Machine” • Workers underpaid and overworked

9. Family and Industrialization • Women and children became part of work force • Low wages and dangerous jobs • Factory boardinghouses removed workers from families. • Women able to live away from home and manage income and leisure activities. • Emergence of middle class

10. Social Stratification • 1.) New aristocrats became rich from industrial success • 2.) Middle class made up of managers, accountants, ministers, lawyers, doctors • 3.) Working class= largest group made of factory workers and peasant farmers

11. Economic and Social Philosophies Karl Marx Adam Smith

12. Capitalism • Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations [1776]- economic prosperity and fairness best achieved through private ownership • Individuals own means of production and sell products in free and open market. Demand would determine price (also known as free market system) • Laissez-faire capitalism- when governments remove themselves entirely from a regulation

13. Karl Marx • German economist and philosopher • The Communist Manifesto [1848] • Working class would revolt and take control of production • Observed Luddites- groups of workers in England who destroyed equipment in factories as means of protest • Foundation of socialism and communism

14. MAJOR NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF FREE MARKET CAPTIALISM EXIST IN FACTORIES AND CITIES OPINION: Free market capitalism is good, but reform it to minimize the bad effects. (United States) OPINION: Free market capitalism is bad, so get rid of it and replace it with something else

15. Reform • Factory Act of [1883] limited hours of workday, restricted children in factories, required owners to make conditions safer and cleaner • Labor Unions were made up of employees bargaining for better working conditions and threatening to strike • Social mobility • Woman’s suffrage [1920] • Great European migrations to North or South America

16. Natural Resources • Needed for Industrial Revolution • Europe had coal and iron ore but required raw materials from colonies

17. European Ethnocentric Ideas • Social Darwinism- “survival of the fittest” • Britain superior to other races • Moral obligation to dominate other people • Rudyard Kipling: White Man’s Burden

18. India

19. European Imperialism in India • Decline of Mughal Empire allowed for external powers to move in • [1750s] Seven Years War resulted in British hegemony and kicked French out. • Set up administrative regions throughout Mughal Empire • Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Punjab, Pakistan, Afghanistan

20. Sepoy Mutiny • East India company relied on Sepoys (Indians working for Brits) as soldiers • Appalled by Britain's hunger for land and disrespect for Hindu and Muslim customs • Started rebellion in [1857] when they found out bullet cartridges that had to be bitten to load the rifle was greased with pork and beef fat • Rebellion failed

21. Effects of Sepoy Rebellion • Britain made India a crown colony • Last Mughal ruler, Bahadur Shah II sent to exile (ending Mughal Empire) • [1877] Queen Victoria recognized as Empress of India • Supplied Britain with raw goods • Expected to accept English attitudes • Indian National Congress [1885] begin path to independence

22. China

23. European Imperialism in China • Opium War [1839-1842] • Treaty of Nanjing “Unequal treaty” Britain given rights to expand trade of Opium with China • [1843] Britain declares Hong Kong as crown possession • Second Opium War [1856-1860] • Chinese defeat results in opening of all of China to European trade

24. Difference of European Imperialism in India and China

25. Effects of European Imperialism in China • Highlighted weak Chinese government • White Lotus Rebellions- Buddhists frustrated with taxes and government corruption • Taiping Rebellion- “brother of Jesus” almost brings down Manchu government • [1860s] Strengthening Movement • [1876] Korea declares independence • [1883] Sino-French War • Treaty of Shimonoseki • Spheres of Influence • “Open Door Policy”

26. The Boxer Rebellion • The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists • anti-Manchu, anti-European, anti- Christian • Goal: Get rid of Europeans and Japanese • Guerilla warfare • Foreign reinforcements put down rebellion • Boxer Protocol- China must pay the Europeans and Japanese for costs of rebellion and apologize

27. Japan

28. Japanese Imperialism • Before: • Extremely isolated • Ethnocentric • Commodore Matthew Perry arrived on steam boat [1853]

29. Meiji Restoration • Samurai revolted against shogun • Meiji Restoration- era of Japanese Westernization • Increased cultural creativity developing national identity • [1890s] industrial and militarized power • [1895] Japan defeats China for Korea and Taiwan • [1904] Russo-Japanese War results in Russia out of Manchuria • Japan becomes War Power

30. Japanese industrialization on fast forward • Didn’t have to make own technology, but adopt Western industrialization

31. Africa Berlin Conference

32. European Imperialism in Africa • Slave trade ends between [1807-1820] for most European nations • Africa valuable for shipping and military reasons • [1795] British seized Cape Town • [1899-1902] Boer Wars • [1910] South Africa becomes British colony • Union of South Africa • Under British Commonwealth • African National Congress • Opposed European colonialism and specific South African Policies

33. Egypt • Ottomans ruled [1517-1882] • Muhammed Ali defeats French and Ottoman in [1805] • Ali had almost all control as a viceroy of Egypt • Agriculture shift to cotton • Suez Canal [1869] linked Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean • Britain seized control of canal by buying stock and declared Egypt a protectorate

34. The Berlin Conference • [1884] Otto von Bismarck hosts conference in Berlin for European powers • Rule for future colonization rights and boundaries of Africa • Encouraged colonialism based on political and economic advantage for European powers • By [1917], only Ethiopia and Liberia were independent of European rule • Colonial powers ruled directly over colonies • Britain was an exception

35. Challenges of African Colonization • Infrastructure building stripped Africa of resources • Treated natives harshly • Boundary lines not based on African tradition or culture • Tribal lands split by two colonies under different rule • Two rival tribes brought together under same rule • Traditional African culture started breaking apart

36. Political Developments

37. The American Revolution • Britain vs French (and Algonquin & Iroquois tribes) during Seven Years’ War • [1763] British victory • British tax colonies in North America to help pay for the war • George Grenville • Charles Townshend • Americans upset about “No taxation without representation”

38. American Revolution • Boston Tea Party • [April 19, 1775] Lexington and Concord • Common Sense- Thomas Paine • Used to urge support for independence • Declaration of Independence [July 4, 1776] • America gets aid from France • [1781] defeated British

39. The French Revolution • France had substantial war debts • Spanish Succession, Seven Years’ War, American Revolution • King Louis XVI called on Estates General to raise taxes [1789]

40. Estates General • Made up of three “estates” • Parlement decides that estates should meet separately • Third Estate afraid of being shut out of new constitution

41. National Assembly • Third Estate declares themselves the “National Assembly” [June 17, 1789] • Stormed Bastille [July14, 1789] • Sparks anarchy; peasants attack nobility and feudal institutions • Declaration of the Rights of Man • Ideas from Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Enlightenment, and American Revolution • Freedom, equality, rule of law • Freedom of worship • Established the nation-state

42. New Constitution • [1791] National Assembly ratified constitution • King held executive power: Constitutional Monarchy • Austrians and Prussians invade France to restore the monarchy • French revolutionaries hold them back • The Convention becomes new ruling body • Abolish the monarchy • France= republic • Led by Jacobins • King beheaded for treason [1793]

43. American vs French Revolution American Revolution French Revolution Citizens against own country’s leadership (revolution) End result- king beheaded and socio-political structure changes • Colonial uprising against imperial power (independence) • End result- United States with imperial power of England still intact

44. The Reign of Terror • The Convention worried foreign threats and internal chaos would lead to demise • Created Committee of Public Safety: Maximilien Robespierre • enforcer of revolution • Killed those suspected of anti-revolutionary tendencies • [1795] kill Robespierre

45. The Directory • France writes new constitution in [1795] • Five man government called the directory • Built up military • Napoleon Bonaparte was a general

46. Napoleon Bonaparte • Military success under the Directory • Overthrew the Directory in [1799] • Popular vote- Declared himself the First Consul under new constitution • Napoleonic Codes [1804] • Equality of French citizens (men)

47. Napoleon’s Empire • Troops conquered Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, and kingdoms in Italy • Reorganized Holy Roman Empire into a confederacy of German states • [1810] Napoleon crowned himself as emperor

48. Downfall of Napoleon • France lacked resources to control an empire • Attacked Russia during winter • Russians set fire to Moscow to prevent shelter for Napoleon and troops • Napoleon retreats • Short on supplies and shelter; attacked • Napoleon sent to exile to St. Helena after defeat at Waterloo [1813]

49. Congress of Vienna • Prince von Metternich from Austria • Alexander I from Russia • Duke of Wellington from Britain • Decided to cut France back to its pre-Napoleon size • Absolute rule to monarchs in France, Spain, Holland, and many Italian states • “Erase the whole French Revolution and Napoleon”

50. Haitian Revolution • Haiti= French island colony • French colonists owned plantations • [1800] 90% of population was slaves • [1801] Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave, leads violent slave revolt • Defeat 20,000 of Napoleon’s troops • Yellow fever helped • [1804] Jacques Dessalines, former slave, proclaimed Haiti a free republic • Governor-general for life • Haiti: first independent nation of Latin America