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Psychology of Learning EXP4404

Psychology of Learning EXP4404. Chapter 11: Memory and Forgetting Dr. Steve. Topics Covered. Stage Model of Memory Semantic Models of Memory Theories of Forgetting Memory Disorders Applications of Memory Research Memory Strategies. Stage Model of Memory. Atkinson & Shiffrin. Rehearsal.

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Psychology of Learning EXP4404

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  1. Psychology of LearningEXP4404 Chapter 11: Memory and Forgetting Dr. Steve

  2. Topics Covered • Stage Model of Memory • Semantic Models of Memory • Theories of Forgetting • Memory Disorders • Applications of Memory Research • Memory Strategies

  3. Stage Model of Memory Atkinson & Shiffrin Rehearsal Decay Displacement Retrieval Failure

  4. Stage Model of Memory • Sensory Memory Sperling experiment demonstrates that . . .

  5. Stage Model of Memory • Short Term Memory • Encoding • Storage • Retrieval • Serial Position Effect • Primacy Effect • Recency Effect

  6. Stage Model of Memory • Encoding and Remembering • Maintenance Rehearsal • Elaborative Rehearsal • Levels of Processing (Craik & Lockhart) • Shallow • Deep • Von Restorff Effect

  7. Stage Model of Memory Long Term Memory • Declarative Memory • Semantic Memory • Episodic Memory

  8. Stage Model of Memory • Nondeclarative Memory • Procedural Memory

  9. Semantic Network Models • Hierarchical Networks • RT studies by Collins & Quillian (1972) • Has skin • Can move around • Eats • Breaths Animal • Has fins • Can swim • Has gills • Has wings • Can fly • Has feathers Bird Fish • Is pink • Is edible • Swims upstream Canary • Can sing • Is yellow Penguin • Is black & white • Can’t fly Shark • Can bite • Is dangerous Salmon

  10. Semantic Network Models • Spreading Activation • Strong semantic relationship are represented by . . . • Demonstrated with priming effect experiments spoon fork hands arms knife hammer saw tools fingers toes nails

  11. Semantic Models • Category Clustering

  12. Forgetting • Ebbinghaus • Memorized long lists of nonsense syllables (cew, qoz)

  13. Forgetting • Theories of Forgetting • Decay Theory • Interference • Proactive • Retroactive

  14. Forgetting • Variables affecting interference: • Meaningfulness of material • Similarity of material • Time between learning and recall

  15. Memory Disorders • Amnesia • May be caused by damage to the limbic system (specifically Hippocampus). • Case of HM – • Suffered from: • Moderate retrograde amnesia • Severe anterograde amnesia

  16. Memory Disorders • Korsakoff’s Syndrome • May suffer both retrograde and anterograde amnesia • Case of 59 yr old man

  17. Memory Disorders • Alzheimer’s Disease

  18. Applications: Foraging • Organisms may be less likely to forget information when it is important for survival

  19. Applications: Eyewitness Testimony • Loftus & Palmer • Believed memories were reconstructed each time they are accessed • Study:

  20. Memory Techniques and Strategies • Cue-Dependent Forgetting(Encoding Specificity) • State-Dependent Learning

  21. Memory Techniques and Strategies • Massed vs. Distributed Practice • Fatigue • Consolidation • Differential Encoding Hypothesis

  22. Memory Techniques and Strategies • Generation Effects • Overlearning

  23. Memory Techniques and Strategies • Method of Loci • First noted as technique by ancient Greeks

  24. Memory Techniques and Strategies • Keyword Technique

  25. Memory Techniques and Strategies • Other Mnemonics • Musical staff • Biological categorizations • Mathematical order of functions • I before E, except after C • 30 days has November, April, June, and September

  26. Memory Techniques and Strategies • Pegword • To recall following grocery list (eggs, apples, butter, soda, pasta, tuna, steak, sugar, chips, lettuce) • One is a bun – egg resting on a bun • Two is a shoe – shoe kicking an apple • Three is a tree – a butter tree • Four is a door – coke logo on a door • Five is a hive – beehive made of pasta • Six is sticks – can of tuna balanced on a stick • Seven is heaven – steak with angel wings • Eight is a gate – fence gate made of sugar cubes • Nine is wine – potato chips floating down a river of wine • Ten is a hen – hen sitting on top of lettuce head

  27. Memory Techniques and Strategies • Chunking

  28. Memory Techniques and Strategies • Narrative Chaining • Make a story with the following word list: • Walrus, Brass, Fan, Frog, Hospital, Lightbulb, Cookie • Amazing Feats of Memory Video

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