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Psychology of Learning: Operant Conditioning

Psychology of Learning: Operant Conditioning. Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Overview. Operant Conditioning Overview Reinforcement Schedules Introduction to Cognitive Theories of Learning. Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Operant Conditioning. Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos.

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Psychology of Learning: Operant Conditioning

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  1. Psychology of Learning:Operant Conditioning Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  2. Overview • Operant Conditioning Overview • Reinforcement Schedules • Introduction to Cognitive Theories of Learning Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  3. Operant Conditioning Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  4. Operant Conditioning • Law of effect: Responses followed by positive outcomes are repeated while those followed by negative outcomes are not • Operant Conditioning: Learn to behave in ways that result in reinforcement Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  5. Operant Conditioning Stimulus Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  6. Operant Conditioning • Reinforcement: Increase likelihood of response • Positive Reinforcement: Strengthens response by presenting a pleasant stimulus • Negative Reinforcement: Strengthens a response by removing an unpleasant stimulus • Punishment: Decrease likelihood of response • Positive Punishment: Weakens a response through presentation of unpleasant stimulus • Negative Punishment: Weakens a response through removing a pleasant stimulus Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  7. Operant Conditioning Stimulus Response Type Positive Reinforcement Good grade Study Negative Reinforcement Not sweep compound Homework Disrespect Teacher Positive Punishment Sent to headmaster Negative Punishment Cheat on homework No break-time Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  8. Operant Conditioning • Clapping hands for answering • Stimulus: Clapping hands • Response: Answering • Positive Reinforcement • Grounded for being late • Stimulus: Removal of friends • Response: Late • Negative Punishment Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  9. Operant Conditioning • Pinch for misbehaving • Stimulus: Pinch • Response: Misbehaving • Positive Punishment • Pepe in soup • Stimulus: Pepe • Response: Eat soup • Negative Reinforcement Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  10. Operant Conditioning Stimulus Response Type Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Positive Punishment Negative Punishment Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  11. Reinforcement • Positive Reinforcement • Premack Principle: More desired activity is a positive reinforcer for a less desired activity • Observe students to determine most effective reinforcer Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  12. Punishment • Negative Punishment • Extinction: Ignore the inappropriate behavior by a child • Time Out: Remove a student from a reinforcing environment • Remove all reinforcement • Consistently maintain • Short (1 minute per year of child) • Response Cost: Remove previously earned rewards Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  13. Punishment • Advantages • When used carefully and rarely, provides information about inappropriate behaviors • Disadvantages • Obedience is not permanent • May classically condition negative emotions • Long history may lead to psychological harm Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  14. Learned Helplessness • Learned Helplessness: Expectation all efforts lead to failure Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  15. Operant Conditioning Discriminative Stimulus Operant Response Contingent Stimulus Classical Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  16. Operant Conditioning • Discriminative Stimulus: Learn cues for when to demonstrate behavior • Superstitions: Any discriminant cue associated with a highly rewarding experience may be reinforced, resulting in a superstitious practice Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  17. Classical Conditioning Involuntary Responses A conditioned stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus that results in a conditioned response Operant Conditioning Voluntary Responses A behavior (response) is associated with a reinforcer or punishment (stimulus) that influences future behavior Operant Conditioning Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  18. Teaching via Operant Conditioning • Shaping: Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior • Chaining: Reinforcing simple behaviors that combine to a more complex behavior Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  19. Operant Conditioning:Maintaining Behavior • Reinforcement schedules • Continuous: Reinforced after every behavior • Fixed Interval: Reinforced after fixed interval of time • Variable Interval: Reinforced after average amount of time • Fixed Ratio: Reinforced after fixed number of responses • Variable Ratio: Reinforced after average number of responses Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  20. Operant Conditioning:Maintaining Behavior Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  21. Operant Conditioning Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  22. Operant Conditioning:Maintaining Behavior • Reinforcing Mathematics Learning • Fixed Interval: Quiz every 3 weeks • Variable Interval: Quiz about every 3 weeks • Fixed Ratio: Reward after every 20 correct problems • Variable Ratio: Reward after about every 20 correct problems Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  23. Operant Conditioning:Maintaining Behavior Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  24. Educational Implications • Planning Behavioral Change • Collect baseline data • Set behavioral goals • Select procedures for changing behavior • Implement procedures and record results • Evaluate progress and revise as necessary Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  25. Educational Implications • Class Attendance • Baseline Data: • Students attend 50% of classes • Goal: Students attend 90% of classes • Procedure: Students will receive a coupon for a free chore for every 30 classes they attend • Record Results: • Evaluate progress: Great improvement in attendance Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  26. Educational Implications Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  27. Operant Conditioning • Strengths • Effective for short-term behavior modification • Straight-forward and easy to implement • Criticisms • Does not address cognitive processes • Behavior ends when reinforcement ends • May hinder intrinsic motivation Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  28. Rewards and Motivation • Motivation • Intrinsic Motivation: Perform an activity for inherent satisfaction in the activity • Extrinsic Motivation: Perform an activity for a reason external to the activity • Motivation: Self Determination Theory • Rewards make one feel manipulated • Attitudes: Cognitive Dissonance Theory • Justify behavior by rewards Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  29. Operant Conditioning Overview • Results: Voluntary Responses • Means • Reinforcement increases behavior • Punishment decreases behavior • Inputs: Reinforcement and Punishment Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  30. Operant Conditioning Overview • Learning Outcomes: Voluntary reactions • Role of the Learner: Passive • Role of the Instructor: Provide reinforcement and punishment as necessary • Inputs for Learning: Reinforcement and Punishment • Process of Learning: Associate reinforcement and punishment with behaviors Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

  31. Revision • Describe the four types of operant conditioning • Describe the five types of reward schedules • Which type of reward schedule leads to the best behavior? Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos

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