Wiki space project

1. Wiki space project By: Trinity Pounds 3/14/11 4thperiod

2. Frederick Douglass • Frederick Douglass was born in a slave cabin, in February, 1818, near the town of Easton, on the Eastern Shore of Maryland. • he was separated from his mother and raised by his grandparents. • At about the age of six, his grandmother took him to the plantation of his master and left him there. Not being told by her that she was going to leave him, Douglass never recovered from the betrayal of the abandonment.

3. Bacon’s Rebellion Nathanial Bacon led "Bacon's Rebellion" in 1676, in which the House or Burgesses and Governor Berkeley were threatened at gunpoint and the colonial capital of Jamestown was burned. Bacon triggered the civil warby demanding a military commission that would authorize him to attack the Susquehannock Indians. When Bacon threatened to act without authorization, Berkeley declared him a rebel. The response was a public wave of support for Bacon, frightening Berkeley enough to trigger him to finally schedule an election for a new House of Burgesses. Bacon was elected, and Berkeley let him take his seat on the Council briefly. Bacon quickly left Jamestown, rallied a mob, and attacked innocent Indians. The House of Burgesses, intimidated by the mob, passed legislation demanded by Bacon.

4. Daughters of Liberty The "Daughters of Liberty" were working from sun up to sun down to prove their commitment to "the cause of liberty and industry". The daughters of liberty were one of the many groups of women who fought for woman's equality and supported the soldiers during the American Revolution. The Daughters of Liberty were a successful group that proved women's involvement in politics could be beneficial for the country. . As public support to boycott British goods increased, "Daughters of Liberty" joined the support to condemn British importation. Since women often purchased consumer goods for the home, the Daughters of Liberty became instrumental in upholding the boycott, particularly where tea was concerned.

5. Lewis and Clark theLouisiana Territoryfrom France. This was a huge tract of over 800,000 square miles, taking in nearly the entire mid-section of North America from present-day Texas and Louisiana up to Montana and North Dakota. Jefferson hoped that the expedition would be able to find the elusive Northwest Passage, a water route across the country, which would be a great boon to commerce. The Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806) was the first overland expedition undertaken by the United States to the Pacific coast and back. The expedition team was headed by the United States Army soldiers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and assisted by Sacajawea and Toussaint Charbonneau. The expedition's goal was to gain an accurate sense of the resources being exchanged in the Louisiana Purchase.

6. Nullification Crisis • A tariff is a tax charged on goods that are imported or exported. To increase revenue for the Federal government’s budget, tariffs are increased. • Tariff increases tended to favor the north because foreign made goods would be more expensive and therefore northern manufactured goods would be more attractive choice for consumers. • Southerners were the main consumers of the day so the tariffs simply made them have to pay more for their goods.

7. French and the Indian war The French and Indians vs. The British and Colonists 3 wars , prior to 1754, between French and English for control of Europe 1754 [fourth war ]French with Indian allies fight English with colonial militias for control of North America American colonists seek new land in Ohio River Valley [controlled by French] French build forts from Great Lakes to Ohio River Valley to block Colonial expansion British begin building a fort, at present day Pittsburgh, French takes over British fort George Washington sent by British to retake fort taken by French. French come back and George Washington surrenders to French who send him back to Virginia George Washington becomes colonial hero Treaty of Paris, 1763 ends the war, British/American victory over French/Indians During the war colonial militias/American colonists Saw British arrogance and ineptitude despite victory George Washington gains prominence and experience in warfare

8. significance of the French alliance and foreign assistance and the roles of Benjamin Franklin France and Spain – secretly sending weapons and supplies to America Wanted to get back at Britain for French and Indian War Did not want to risk war with Britain unless US had a chance to win Benjamin Franklin’s Role – ambassador to France Very popular in France, successful diplomatic and political tactics to win French support for America’s independence Convinced French [after Battle of Saratoga] to send troops Because of Franklin, France would CHANCE an alliance with America Without France, US had NO CHANCE to win

9. 1783 Treaty of Paris Provision 1783 Treaty of Paris Provision - Britain British debts to be paid by Americans Americans did not pay debts British refused to dismantle British forts in Ohio River Valley 1783 Treaty of Paris Provision – Spain Border dispute between Georgia and Spanish Florida Spain controlled Mississippi River Spain retaliates by closing Miss. River to American products

10. Northwest Ordinance 1787 Explained how territories would be governed Provided a step by step method to move territories to become states Congress chooses a territorial governor, secretary and judges 5,000 adult male citizens can elect a territorial legislature 60,000 population citizens can apply for statehood = Adoption Guaranteed rights in the territories Freedom of – religion, property rights, trial by jury Banned spread of slavery into the territories

11. Abolish and the anti-slavery movement in the 1840s • Many stopped believing in the “Gradualism” approach • Basic idea – slavery is a sin that can be gradually wiped out in American • First stop new slaves coming into US – 1808 ban on importing slaves • Second – end slavery in North and Upper south • Third Pay masters/southerners for their slaves • Many came to believe in Abolition • Basic idea – enslaved African Americans should be freed immediately without gradual measure or monetary compensation for former slaveholders – God given right to liberty belongs to slaves too • Second Great Awakening ideas – slavery great evil/sin in eyes of God • William Lloyd Garrison agitates for abolition • Founded newspaper “The Liberator” • Caustic articles that attacked institution of slavery • Unvarnished truth – moved many in the North to seek abolition instead of gradualism • Founded New England Antislavery society and American Antislavery Society • Other activists for abolition

12. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 Problem of slavery in the new territories Problem of slavery in the new territories • Problem of slavery in the new territories • Issue 1 – Missouri’s admittance as a slave state would add 2 more senators from a slave state into the senate and give slave states greater power in the senate [Balance of Power problem] Northern states had more population and therefore more power in the House. • Issue 2 – can congress ban spread of slavery into Louisiana territory like ban of Northwest territory/ordinance? For northerners answer is yes because of precedent of Northwest Ordinance, for southerners answer is no because south would lose political power over time and believed north would eventually abolition slavery in south.

13. U.S Grant - nicknamed “Unconditional Surrender” Grant Union’s Greatest General– Commander of Troops in the West Won numerous victories in the West Gained control of Tennessee and Cumberland rivers with victories in Fort Donelson and Fort Henry Battle of Shiloh – stunned nation over number of dead – Grant called butcher Battle of Vicksburg – Grant gains control over Mississippi River Becomes General in Chief of all union forces – assigned task of beating General Lee

14. Southerners resistance to racial equality during the Reconstruction Era • Black Codes – laws in the South that limited African-American rights • Annual contracts for black workers • Children must be apprenticed and can be whipped • Must get license to do work off plantations • Sharecropping/tenant farming • Crop lien system / High interest rates from furnishing merchants led to debt peonage • Anti-voting laws • Grandfather clause, poll tax, literacy tests • KKK – intimidation, violence

15. 1984 Pullman Strike Failure of previous Labor Strikes Great Railroad Strike 1877 – First nationwide strike Haymarket Riot – downfall of Knights of Labor Failure of 1894 Pullman Strike – Organized by Socialist Eugene V. Debs Federal Government became more anti-union Federal government used court injunctions to stop unions, 1st time

16. The Invention’s of Thomas Edison Thomas Edison Mellon Park Research laboratory for inventions Inspired imitation – Henry Ford Phonograph – storage system and delivery of information Electricity General Electric Company Light bulb – longer working hours/increased productivity Alexander Graham Bell Telephone – Business and personal communication improved dramatically Other inventions Ice machine – refrigerator safer foods, more variety Standardized measurements – Off the rack clothing Civil War Uniforms – Civilian clothes – dramatically lowered cost of clothes Telegraph cable 1866 – US to Europe Morse Code – ability to communicate vast distances Department Stores – center of towns, provided greater variety of products Mail order Catalogs – brought products to consumers Montgomery Ward Sears & Roebuck

17. Virgina Company, Jamestown and Mercantilism • King James I • grants royal charter to investors to plant colonies in Virginia • Virginia Company goes into business 1606 • Virginia Company • 1607 Jamestown – Three ships = Susan Constant, Godspeed, Discovery with 144 single men found settlement. – Lousy site for settlement chosen • Jamestown’s Troubles • 144 Lazy, clueless about living in woods, clueless about farming or raising livestock, clueless about hunting or fishing – Hunger and starvation • No one in charge, no one making decisions, 50 plus more men arrive total 200 in 1607 – about 50 in 1608 • John Smith – Powhatan and Pocahantas • Smith trades with Powhatan Confederacy for food – Jamestown Survives • John Smith kicked out by rich, lazy guys • 1608 – 1609 Starving Time again for Jamestown • Virginia Company {VC} wants changes • VC Appoints Lord De La War [hmm sounds like a state] to run things • Harsh rules, lazy people, not enough settlers, but where’s the money • Tobacco SAVES Jamestown • Need for Tobacco Weed to make money • John Rolfe’s tobacco WEED - Big Hit in England • John Rolfe marries Pocahontas • economic theory that nation’s wealth is measured by amount of gold and silver – • favorable balance of trade [selling more than buying from other countries] – Therefore need for colonies to be source of raw materials • To avoid buying from other countries – Mother Country should seek self sufficiency with colonies • Cycle of Mercantilism • Colonies – source of raw materials e.g. tobacco, indigo, rice, cotton, timber [only supplier] • Mother Country – purchaser of raw materials [should be only customer of colonies] • Mother Country – source of manufactured goods for colonies [only supplier for colonies] • Colonies – purchaser of manufactured goods from Mother Country [only customer] • Navigation Acts • 1607 to 1660 – England left colonies alone • 1660 King Charles II – wanted to regulate colonial trade more directly • All imported/exported goods to/from colonies on English ships only • Raw materials can only be sold to England or other colonies • 1663 Staple Act – all European goods heading to colonies must stop by England first – increased costs of goods for colonies • Colonists ignore Navigation Acts • England can’t enforce Navigation Acts • Mercantilism worked for Southern and Middle Colonies but not for New England colonies • NE - Smuggling and Triangular Trade – only way to get gold/silver to buy Manufactured goods from England