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Science Final Review Notes

Science Final Review Notes. First, We Need To Know Length!!. Length : the unit of measure to determine the distance of an object. Use A Ruler or A Meter Stick. Mass. Mass : the amount of matter in a given object. We use a BALANCE to measure mass.

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Science Final Review Notes

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  1. Science Final Review Notes

  2. First, We Need To Know Length!! Length: the unit of measure to determine the distance of an object Use A Ruler or A Meter Stick

  3. Mass • Mass: the amount of matter in a given object We use a BALANCE to measure mass

  4. I can’t hear it…turn it up!!! Turn what up???? • VOLUME: the amount of space an object takes up 3 Ways to Measure Volume • You can use the mathematical equation: • volume of cube= • length x width x height 2. Use a graduated cylinder 3. See how much water it displaces by placing it in water

  5. When You Combine Mass and Volume, you get… • Density A measure of the amount of matter that occupies a given amount of space SPACE Amount of Matter

  6. Does it Float or Sink? Density is less than 1.0 g/cm3 FLOATS Density is more than 1.0 g/cm3 SINKS

  7. Observation – Any use of the senses to gather information. Inference – An conclusion drawn from a small sampling of data.

  8. Solids • Phase of matter in which matter has a definite shape and volume Molecules (small round objects) are arranged and organized in “tightly packed” order Molecules Vibrate In Place

  9. Liquids • Phase of matter in which matter takes the shape of its container and has definite volume Molecules are moving slowly; not fast enough to overcome the attractions between them

  10. Gases • Phase in which matter changes in both volume and shape Molecules move very quickly and are able to break apart from one another

  11. So How Do We Classify Them? • How fast the molecules move!!!

  12. The seven types of energy are:

  13. What Makes An Object Move? • Force: a push or pull on an object Characteristics of Forces 1. Have size 2. Direction 3. Units = Newtons 40.0 Newtons

  14. What is Friction Then? • Friction: a force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching There is NO SUCH THING as a completely smooth surface!!

  15. Newton’s Laws • An object in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted upon by an outside force 2. Force = mass x acceleration 3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

  16. Levers • A simple machine consisting of a bar that pivots at a fixed point Fulcrum: pivot point 3 Classes of Levers

  17. Inclined Planes • Simple machine that is a straight, slanted surface The longer an inclined plane is compared to its height, the greater the mechanical advantage

  18. Wheel and Axle • Consists of two circular objects of different sizes 1st Circular Object 2nd Circular Object The wheel allows the individual to spin the axle easier

  19. Pulleys • Consists of a grooved wheel that holds a rope or a cable

  20. Compound Machines • Machines that are made of two or more simple machines The more moving parts, the more mechanical advantage

  21. Efficiency In Machine • Machines can be made to be more efficient We do this by REDUCING… Friction Lubricants: substances that are applied to surfaces to reduce friction between them

  22. Law of Conservation of Energy • Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy can only change form.

  23. Potential Energy – Stored energy • Kinetic Energy – Energy of motion

  24. The motion of molecules increases when heated and decreases when cooled. • When energy is transformed from one form to another heat is the type of energy that is almost always a byproduct.

  25. What happens to substances when they are heated or cooled? • When objects are heated...they Expand • When objects are cooled...they Contract ***Water is the only exception...it actually expands as it cools

  26. Conductors • Materials that negative charges move easily through • Charges are free to move around Good conductors: metals such as silver, aluminum, copper, and mercury

  27. Insulators • A material in which negative charges do not move well Found on electrical wire to keep you from shocks Good Insulators: Plastic, rubber, glass, wood, and air

  28. What Is A Current? • Current: the rate at which charges pass a given point Made by electrons moving in a wire

  29. Circuits • Complete, closed path through which electric charges flow Open Closed

  30. Two Types of Circuits • 1. Series: all parts are connected in one loop

  31. Types Of Circuits • 2. Parallel: different loads are located on separate branches

  32. Magnetic Poles • Every magnet has two poles Poles The parts of a magnet where the magnetic effects are the greatest North South

  33. Types Of Waves • 2 Types 1. Transverse Waves 2. Longitudinal Waves These two waves can be identified by the direction in which the particles of the medium vibrate compared with the direction in which the waves travel

  34. Transverse Waves • Transverse: waves that move across Particles in a transverse wave move across or perpendicular to the direction of the wave

  35. Longitudinal Waves • Longitudinal: the particles of a medium vibrate back and forth along the path that the wave travels

  36. Properties of Waves • Amplitude: the maximum distance the wave vibrates from its rest position Larger the amplitude = taller wave

  37. What Does Amplitude Mean? • Small Amplitude = low energy • Large Amplitude = high energy

  38. Wavelength • Wavelength: the distance between any two adjacent crests or compressions

  39. Frequency • Frequency: the number of waves produced in a given amount of time Expressed in Hertz

  40. Sound Waves are Longitudinal Remember COMPRESSIONS and RAREFACTIONS!!!! Compressions SOURCE Rarefactions

  41. What Is Light? • Electromagnetic Wave (EM): a wave that travels through matter or space and consists of electric and magnetic fields Field: area around an object that can exert a force, push, or pull on another object No contact is needed

  42. Refraction • Bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another

  43. Reflection • When light or any other waves bounces off an object Allows us to see objects that do not produce their own light

  44. Light and Color • Color is produced by REFLECTION and ABSORPTION!!!! The colors that are REFLECTED are the colors that you can see!!!!!!

  45. What Are Our Basic Colors? Meet ROY G. BIV • THE RAINBOW!!! R O Y G B I V = RED = ORANGE = YELLOW = GREEN = BLUE = INDIGO = VIOLET

  46. Electromagnetic Spectrum • Name for the range of electromagnetic waves when they are placed in order of increasing frequency

  47. long Wavelength short low Frequency high Electromagnetic Spectrum Continued

  48. Mixtures vs. Solutions

  49. Solubility The amount of solute that can be completely dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature

  50. Solute – The part that gets dissolved • Solvent – The part that does the dissolving

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