Chapter 27: Crises Around the World Section 1: Changing Government in the Soviet Union

1. Chapter 27: Crises Around the WorldSection 1: Changing Government in the Soviet Union Nana’s World studies

2. A. The Soviet Union Under Lenin Vladimir Lenin laid the foundation of single party communist rule in the Soviet Union.

3. A. The Soviet Union Under Lenin • Forming a New Government • Lenin set up four republics in Russia. He changed the nation’s name to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. • The people did not immediately accept Lenin's plans. Lenin believed that something was wrong with the people. • Lenin also set up Communist International, or Co minter that urged people around the world to revolt and overthrow capitalism and democratic governments.

4. A. The Soviet Union Under Lenin • New Economic Plan • Because of harsh working conditions and government interference in the economy no one wanted to produce anything for the government. • The government no longer took food from farmers. Peasants were allowed to sell their products again, and workers would startup small factories and workshops. • Production crawls back to prewar levels in a few years. Higher production brought renewed prosperity.

5. B. Joseph Stalin Takes Control B. Stalin believed that harsh measures were needed to turn the Soviet Union into a strong industrial and military power.

6. B. Joseph Stalin Takes Control • Command Economy • The plan focused on expanding heavy industries such as steel, oil ,and machinery production. • The Soviet Union began to develop a command economy, or an economy more efficient. • The results of the five year plans were mixed. Stalin’s first five year plan succeeded in expanding Soviet industries.

7. B. Joseph Stalin Takes Control • Agriculture • Once again, land was seized and peasants w ere forced into Collective, or state owned farms. • The state set prices for farm goods. It also set Quota’s, or fixed amount, on crops each farm must produce and turn over to the state. • Stalin wanted to destroy kulaks, or wealthy peasants. Stalin declared the kulaks enemies of communism and ordered millions of them killed or imprisoned.

8. B. Joseph Stalin Takes Control • Rule of Terror • Stalin’s rule of the Soviet union continued throughout the 1930s. Understating, the oppressive soviet state grew even worse. • He extended state control beyond the economy. Stalin turned the Soviet Union into a state that attempted to control every aspect of its citizens lives. • During the 1930s Stalin gained absolute power within the Communist Party.

9. Chapter 27: Crises Around the WorldSection 2: Upheaval in the West Nana’s World studies

10. A. Rebuilding After the War People in Western Europe looked for ways to improve their economies after World War 1.

11. A. Rebuilding After the War • Problems After the War • The Treaty of Versailles, which ended the war, forced Germany to pay huge amounts of money and goods to the nations it invaded. • The United States asked its allies to repay loans that it had made to them during the war. • However , Germany was even worse off than these other nation.

12. A. Rebuilding After the War • Problems After the War • What developed after the war was often quite different from what people hoped and dreamed. • How could countries rebuild after the war if they had to pay large amount’s of money to other countries. • American loans were needed to help keep Germany paying them money to rebuild.

13. A. Rebuilding After the War • The Search for Lasting Peace • One hope after the war was for world peace. As you read in chapter 26, American President Woodrow Wilson developed a peace plan called the Fourteen Points in 1918. • The last points called for the establishment of an organization what would become the League of Nation’s to keep world peace. • American loans were needed to help keep Germany and other Europeans countries financially stable during the 1920s.

14. B. Boom and Bust The Great Depression shattered the prosperity of the 1920s.

15. B. Boom and Bust • Hidden Weaknesses. • There were weaknesses to economic recovery after World War 1, however, better technology increased production of good. • Prices began to drop and industries began to suffer from Overproduction. • Financial problems also weakened the economy. Loans and credit became increasingly easy for people to get.

16. B. Boom and Bust • Buying into the U.S. Stock Market • Through most of the 1920s the prices of U.S. stocks had risen higher and higher. • They expected the stock market to continue. Its upward climb. Investors took increasing risks, often buying stock on margin. • If the value of the stocks rose, the buyer would sell the stocks and pay back what he or she owed.

17. B. Boom and Bust • Worldwide Economic Crisis • Hopes for better times were shattered suddenly in October 1929- the start of the Great Depression. • It began when the U.S. stock market in New York City crashed, causing a chain of events that plunged the world into economic ruin. • Countries tried to help themselves recover from the Great Depression in a number of ways. One approach was to put protective tariffs on all foreign goods.

18. C. Western European Democracies • Great Britain and France faced crises in the 1920s but survived as democratic powers.

19. C. Western European Democracies • France • France was most directly affected by the war. Northern France had been completely ruined. More than a million French people had been killed and many more were wounded in the war. • In addition, Germany was forced to make huge reparations to France. These reparations helped France’s economy recover quickly from the war. • Many people in France still distrusted Germany. Since its formation in 1871, Germany had invaded France twice.

20. C. Western European Democracies • Great Britain • Although victorious in the war, Britain faced many problems when the war ended. The government was deeply in dept. • The Great Depression further deepened Britain’s trouble. The three major political parties in Britain - the Liberal Party, the Labour Party, and the Conservative party-formed a coalition government. • In 1931, four former colonies were given full independence. These were Canada Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. They became part of the newly formed British Commonwealth of Nations and still had economic and cultural ties with each other and with Great Britain.

21. Chapter 27: Crises Around the WorldSection 3: Unrest in China, Southeast Asia, and India Nana’s World studies

22. A. China • China was torn by civil war between warlords, the Guomindang, and the communists.

23. A. China • The Chinese Republic • Sun Yat-sen was the president of the Chinese republic. He hoped to rebuild China. Instead, the country fell into chaos. • Western countries did not recognize the new government. Sun eventually stepped down in favor of an ambitious general. • The republic was a powerless government . The provinces fell into the country.

24. A. China • Imperialism and the May Fourth Movement • Other countries took advantage of China’s weakness. They had their “spheres of Influence “ in China. • Japan was the most aggressive power. While the western countryside didn’t care much for the people. • Japan put new pressure on China. Japan issued the Twenty-one Demands in 1915.

25. A. China • Nationalists and Communists in China • Sun Yat-sen organized the Guomingang, or Nationalist Party, in southern China. • An army officer named Jiang Jieshe took over after Sun died in 1925. • One of the Communists who emerged from the conflict was Mao Zedong.

26. A. China • The Long March • Jiang wanted to destroy the communists. Guomindang armies began a campaign to wipe them out. • Their retreat is known as the Long March. • They faced contant attacks from the Guomindang. Only a few thousands survived the march.

27. B. Southeast Asia • French Rule in Southeast Asia • In ruling their colony in Southeast Asia, France had allowed the kings of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia to remain in place. • However, the real authority lay with the French governor-general. He controlled a large, centralized administration. • France did provide education for some in Southeast Asia. They trained officials for the lower ranks of the government.

28. B. Southeast Asia • The Struggle for Independence • Nationalists were outraged that Indians should fight in the British military When they did not have self-government. • The British government did not bring the soldiers to justice. Indians were outraged by the massacre. • After the massacre at Amritsar, he devoted his life to the struggle for independence. His integrity and personal courage earned him the title of Mahatma or great soul.

29. C.India • Mohandas Gandhi and the Struggle for Independence • Gandhi believed that independence could be achieved through Satyagraha, or truth force. • Instead, they were encouraged to refuse to perform civil duties, such as paying taxes, serving in the government, and obeying British law. • In the 1930s Britain began to grant more self-government to India. Provinces gained grater freedom and national legislature was elected.

30. C.India • Nationalist Movement • The educated class in southeast Asia was influenced by western ideas. These ideas included civil rights and self determination, the right of people to decide on their own form of government. • In 1919, a Vietnamese leader named Nguyen Al Quos, later known as Ho Chi Minh, demanded self rule for the French colony. • By 1925 , the Communist had formed a revolutionary party in Vietnam with Ho Chi Minh as one of the founding members.

31. C.India • A Separate Muslim State • The nationalist movement in India was split between Hindus and Muslims. Muslims were a minority in India. Many did not want to belong to a country that was made up of mostly Hindus. • In the 1930s the Muslim league had a new able leader, his name was Muhammad Ali Jinnah. • Ali Jinnah supported the idea of separate Muslim state. Eventually, the Congress Party allowed a new Islamic nation, called Pakistan to be separated from India.

32. Chapter 27: Crises Around the WorldSection 4: The Rise of Dictatorships Nana’s World studies

33. A. New Government in Italy • A. Benito Mussolini led the National Fascist party in Italy.

34. A. New Government in Italy • Italy After the War • During the years following World War 1, Italy's economy was very weak. • The Italian government became less and less able to deal with the severe problems facing the country. • Soon the strike became violent. Many feared a Communist revolution in Italy.

35. A. New Government in Italy • The Rise of Mussolini • In 1919 Benito Mussolini organized the National Fascist Party in Italy. • The Fascists believed the state the nation must be all powerful. Rights of individuals or groups were less important than those of the state. • Mussolini inspired by the revolution in Russia, rejected democracy in favor of direct action. He organized his Fascist followers into black shirted gangs.

36. A. New Government in Italy • Italy under Mussolini • Italy was still a parliamentary monarchy. The real power lay with Mussolini. • Many people welcomed fascism even if it meant a loss of freedom because Mussolini had brought new prosperity and order to Italy. • Mussolini believed in the power of the state. Individuals were not important Mussolini wrote.

37. B. Nazi Germany • B. Adolf Hitler used Germans disappointment in the outcome of World War 1 and economic hard times to take control of Germany.

38. B. Nazi Germany • The Weimar Republic • In February 1919,the German national assembly met at Weimar to set up a new democratic government known as the Weimar Republic. • From the start the Weimar republic was weakened by serious economic problems. Germanys economy was in ruins. • The inflation shattered the publics confidence in its government. As more money came into use it became less valuable.

39. B. Nazi Germany • Hitler Takes Control • Adolf Hitler was born in an Austrian town near the German border. When World war I started. • Like Lenin and Mussolini ,Hitler hated democracy. Although he disliked the communists he admired some of their methods. • In the German national election of 1932, the Nazi party received more votes than any other party.

40. B. Nazi Germany • The Third Reich • In the 1933, Hitler announced the formation of what he called the Third Reich. The German work Reich means “Empire.” • Hitler sought to give new life to the economy. New public works and military spending helped create new jobs. • Terror was Hitler’s instrument of control. Hitler built up a secret police. He also began attacking Jewish people.

41. B. Nazi Germany • Fascism, Communism, and Totalitarianism • Communists and fascists Claimed to be enemies. In reality. However they were similar. • Mussolini had built a strong totalitarian state in Italy. It soon became a model for others, including Stalin an Hitler, who worked to increase state control over the population. • All government used propaganda kind secret police to control the people and crush opposition. All used schools to instruct children.