Chapter 14

1. Chapter 14 Russian Revolution: Before and After

2. (kings) Tsars/Czars of Russia • House of Romanovs: (1613-1917) • Catherine II (the Great) (1762-1796) • Alexander I (1796-1801) • Nicolas I (1825-1855) • Alexander II (1855-1881) • Alexander III (1881-1894) • Nicolas II (1894-1917) • 1918, Czar Nicolas II and his family are executed. End of Czar Rule!

3. Timeline: 1800s • Late 1800’s: most western European powers had industrialized, militarized, and developed their economies. Russia lagged western Industrialization by 100 years but began to make progress and doubled its number of factories from 1863-1890s. • 1881, Alexander III, halted all reforms in Russia. That upset Russians. Caused many Russians to die of famine and starvation; he ruled with absolute authority as czar or Russia. • Setup a police state (spies everywhere)

4. Timeline: 1900s 1900, Russia is the 4th largest Steel producer in the world. 1903, Revolutionary movements grow with the creation of the Bolsheviks (radical) and the Mensheviks (moderate) upon banning of trade unions. 1904, Russia and Japan engage in the Russo-Japanese War; Russia’s repeated losses led to unrest at home and revolt. 1905, Bloody Sunday: 200,000 workers approach the czar’s Winter Palace asking for better working conditions, but more than 1,000 are wounded when Nicolas II’s generals ordered soldiers to fire on the crowd. 1905, strikes lead to the creation of the first Duma (parliament). Tried to push for a constitutional monarchy (like UK) but czar dissolves duma after 10 weeks. 1916, Complete the longest continuous rail line.

5. Timeline: 1914-1921 • WWI: (1914), Nicholas drags Russia into World War I; costs him millions of troops, supplies, food, and civilians. Many soldiers began to abandon and mutiny from the front lines. • March 1917 Revolution, women textile workers in Petrograd led a citywide strike that ended including up to 200,000 workers. Czar steps down. • Octoer 1917, Bolsheviks led by Lenin’s “peace, land, and bread” slogan overthrow provisional government. • 1918-1920, Red Army and White Army engage in a Civil war; Reds win and rename Russia- USSR.

6. Figures of the Russian Revolution

7. Important people • Stalin • Lenin • Karl Marx • Czar Nicholas II • Leon Trotsky • Rasputin • Alexander Kerensky

8. Czar Nicholas II • King of Russia pre revolution. -Below with the Royal Family

9. Vladimir Lenin -Leader of the Bolshevik Movement -Studied Karl Marx’ philosophies on unequal distribution of wealth. -Defeats the Czar in 1917 and then the Mensheviks in October 1917. -During the Russian Civil War (1918-1920) , he defeats the White Army and begins NEP program which rebuilds economy. -Reigns as leader of USSR until 1922 when he suffers a stroke. -Dies in 1924

10. Rasputin • Key policymaker for the royal family. Magician and rumored lover of the king’s wife.

11. Alexander Kerensky Liberal revolutionary leader who became Russia’s second prime minister under the provisional government that relieved Czar Nicolas II from power in 1917. -Lost control of Russia in October, 1917 during the Bolshevik Revolution.

12. Leon Trotsky Bolshevik leader who commanded the Red Army from 1918-1920. Stalin’s stark political rival.

13. Became leader of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union in 1922 upon Lenin’s stroke. Ruthless leader who made himself dictator of the Soviet Union and forced millions into exile and death during his reign of terror. Joseph Stalin

14. Russian Revolution 1917

15. Questions • What flaws did Czar Nicholas make? • Why is Lenin so important to the Russian Revolution? • How did Marx influence Russian Politics? • What role did Trotsky play in the Revolution? • How did Stalin rise to power?

16. Key terms • Proletariat (working class/farmers) • Bolsheviks (radical Marxist revolutionaries pushing for land, political, and economical reform) • Lenin (leader of the Bolsheviks and later of USSR) • Rasputin(Imperial Russian advisor to Czar Nicholas II and his wife Alexandra) • Provisional Government (acting govt. following March Revolution) • Soviets (local councils made up of workers, peasants and soldiers) • Communist Party (new name of Bolshevik party) • Joseph Stalin (communist leader who replaced Lenin)

17. Imperial Russia • CZAR or King Alexander III rules imperial Russia during WWI. • Russia is a police state full of strict laws and censorship. • Secret police spied on people and political leaders were sent to Siberia. • King Alexander was unsuccessful in bringing the War to an end. • Soldiers and people become increasingly tired of King Alexander’s war, economic, and political efforts.

18. Russia Industrializes • Between 1863-1900, Russia doubled its factories. • Russian Industries still lagged behind the Western Europe. • Russia develops its Steel Industry. • New factory conditions distresses people in Russia; the conditions are cruel and hard. • Trade unions outlawed in Russia. • Rise of Marxist revolutionaries: promoted regime change.

19. Crisis at Home • Between 1904 and 1917, several factors devastate morale of people. • Russo-Japanese War: many Russian losses spark revolt and unrest at home. • Bloody Sunday: Revolution of 1905: January 22, 200k workers and families petition the Czar’s Winter Palace asking for better working conditions, more personal freedoms, and the army fires on the crowd. Provokes strikes and violence across the country. Leads to the creation of the DUMA (leg. body). • WWI: constant defeats to the Germans and high Russian death tolls lead to weaker Czarist rule. Soldiers begin to refuse military orders and return home.

20. March Revolution: • March 17, women textile workers in Petrograd lead a citywide strike. • Next five days riots grow. • Soldiers eventually stop taking orders and join the workers. • Riots outbreak across country. • Czar Nicholas II abdicates the throne. • Leaders of the DUMA establish a temporary Provisional Government.

21. Failures of the Provisional Govt. • Provisional Government had inclinations to setup a democratic government. • Representation, land distribution. • Still committed to fighting World War I. • Lose support among Russian people due to lack of willingness to make real changes. • Unrest Leads to November Revolution.

22. Bolshevik Revolution • Lenin (leader of Bolsheviks) returns to Russia in 1917. • Gains control over the soviets (local revolutionary groups). • Begins a rallying call “All power to the Soviets” • Peace, Land , and Bread” • November 1917, factory workers storm Petrograd Palace, arrest leaders of provisional government and takeover power. • Lenin distributes land to peasants, and gives control of factories to the workers. • Sign Brest-Litovsk Treaty ending war with Germany in March 1918.

23. Russia Divides: Civil War • Red Army (Bolsheviks) • White Army (Mensheviks, socialist, czarist, democratic groups, any anti Bolshevik group) • Many people opposed Bolshevik policies in Russia. • Bolsheviks and White Army wage civil war from 1918-1920. • 14 million Russians die in Civil War. • Bolsheviks defeat White Army • Russian Revolution (like French Revolution) destroys existing social, political , and economic structures. • Violence and Terror win, attempt for democracy fails.

24. Questions • 1. Who were the Bolsheviks? • 2. Was the Czar’s policies favorable among the people? Why? • 3. How did WWI bring down Czar Nicholas’ rule? • 3. How did the industrialization of Russia lead to civil strife? • 4. What happened in the March Revolution? • 5. How did the Provisional Government fail? • 6. What structural changes did Lenin promote? • 7. What happened in the November Revolution? • 8. How is the Russian Revolution similar to the French Revolution?

25. Soviet Union

26. Red Square

27. Republics

28. Question • Who makes up a majority of Russia’s people? • How does geography influence the makeup of its citizens? • How has History affected the Russian people? • How does physical Geography isolate Russia from Western Europe? • What form of language do Russians speak? • Does the history, physical geography, and ethnic makeup of Russia affect or influence its politics or totalitarian nature?

29. Rise of Stalin Lecture #3

30. Stalin’s Life • Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) • Forced his political enemies into exile or death. • 1922, became General Secretary of the Communist Party. • Stalin ruled USSR from 1928- until 1953

31. Communist Party: Stalin, Lenin

32. Gulag • Prison and place of exile in Siberian tundra.

33. Stalinism: To rule with absolute authority • Creates command economy. 5 yr. Plan • Totalitarianism: government that takes total centralized control over every aspect of public and private life. • Ideology, dynamic leader, control over individuals, society, modern technology (push propaganda), enforcement (police terror, censorship), dictatorship and one=party rule. • Collective Farms (large govt. owned farms) • Women gain equal rights

34. Propaganda

35. Russia under Stalin

36. Questions • How did Stalin enter politics in Russia? • How did Stalin eliminate his enemies or political threats? • What is Stalinism? • How did Propaganda contribute to Stalins’ rise to power? • How did Stalin’s power grow? • How did the Soviet economy change under Stalin’s reign?

37. Russian Literature

38. Boris Pasternak

39. Doctor Zhivago

40. Anna Akhmatova

41. White Flock • My voice is weak, but will does not get weaker. It has become still better without love, The sky is tall, the mountain wind is blowing My thoughts are sinless to true God above. The sleeplessness has gone to other places, I do not on grey ashes count my sorrow, And the skewed arrow of the clock face Does not look to me like a deadly arrow. How past over the heart is losing power! Freedom is near. I will forgive all yet, Watching, as ray of sun runs up and down The springtime vine that with spring rain is wet.

42. Poetry Assignment Prompt • How: • In pairs • When: • Due next class meeting: • What: • Create your own short poem. • Length: • Five lines (minimum) 1. Express feeling of Russian Revolution 2. Compare the Revolution to something in nature. 3. Express some mode of hope or despair 4. Attach the poem to a construction Sheet. • Include an illustration on the Sheet, may be printed or hand drawn. • Points: • Worth twenty points.