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CARBON AND MOLECULAR DIVERSITY

CARBON AND MOLECULAR DIVERSITY. Lecture 4, Chapter 5. Objectives. Be familiar with how polymers are assembled and dismantled Understand that most organic macromolecules are polymers of smaller units Describe the properties of a Carbohydrate Describe the properties of a Nucleotide

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CARBON AND MOLECULAR DIVERSITY

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  1. CARBON AND MOLECULAR DIVERSITY Lecture 4, Chapter 5

  2. Objectives • Be familiar with how polymers are assembled and dismantled • Understand that most organic macromolecules are polymers of smaller units • Describe the properties of a Carbohydrate • Describe the properties of a Nucleotide • Describe the properties of a Protein • Describe the properties of a Lipid • Be able to give examples of the different groups of organic molecules

  3. Macromolecules • Most large molecules are made up of smaller repeating units (monomer) • Polymers form when many monomersform chains, branches, or form rings • Polymers are made through the loss of water and are broken with the addition of water

  4. Macromolecule Diversity • Many different types of macromolecules arise from: • the number and • the type of monomer units assembled. • Functional groups increase monomer diversity

  5. CARBOHYDRATES: FUEL AND BUILDING MATERIAL. • Sugars, the smallest carbohydrates, serve as fuel and carbon sources • Monosaccharides

  6. CARBOHYDRATES cont. • Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides hooked together

  7. CARBOHYDRATES cont. • Polysaccharides: many monosaccharides hooked together • Energy Storage • Glycogen, Starch • Structural Support • Cellulose, Chitin

  8. NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION. • Phosphate group • Sugar • Ribose • Deoxyribose • Nitrogenous base: • AUGC in RNA • ATGC in DNA

  9. Nucleotide Polymers Convey Information • DNA: information passed down to next generation • Genes • RNA: used when making proteins • messenger RNA • ribosomal RNA • transfer RNA

  10. PROTEINS: MOLECULAR TOOLS OF THE CELL. • Amino acids: building blocks of Proteins • A Protein is a polymer of amino acids • Functions: numerous including • Structural, Storage, Transport, Hormonal, Receptor, Contractile, Defensive, Enzymes

  11. STRUCTURE OF AMINO ACID. • Hydrogen atom. • Carboxyl group. • Amino group. • Variable R group.

  12. Amino Acid Diversity • 20 different kinds of “R” groups enable proteins to be made of many chemically “different” monomers

  13. Protein Structure

  14. Fatty Acids • Fats, Lipids, and Waxes • Store large amounts of energy • Tend to be hydrophobic • Functions of fat • energy storage • insulation • cushioning • Saturated versus unsaturated fats. • Saturated FA chains form no more bonds, Unsaturated FA chains can form more bonds

  15. Kinds of Lipids • Triglycerides (triacyclglycerol) • Comprise many of the dietary oils and fats

  16. Kinds of Lipids • Phospholipids • Comprises much of the Plasma Membrane • Both polar and nonpolar regions to the molecule

  17. Kinds of Lipids • Steriods • Steroid types vary depending on functional groups attached to ring system • Some Hormones

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