Do Now

1. Do Now • Take out your APPARTS Opposing Viewpoints homework. • Take out your Chapter 2 vocabulary cards for collection. • Copy homework into your agenda. • Share your APPARTS answers for both articles with the partner across the aisle from you.

2. Chapter 2 The Thirteen Colonies and the British Empire, 1607-1750

3. Three Types of Charters 1. Corporate Colony • Run by a joint-stock company • Like a corporation • Middle class people pooled their small savings to start a business. 3. Proprietary Colony • Ruled by people who were granted ownership by the king • The king thought this would give him almost total control. 2. Royal Colony • Directly under the king’s rule

4. The Chesapeake Colonies (Part 1) Virginia Maryland Virginia Bacon’s Rebellion Sir Wm Berkeley (royal governor) favored wealthy planters Didn’t protect backwoods farmers from Indian attacks Nathanial Bacon Led the farmers in a rebellion. Volunteer army raided and massacred Indian Villages Defeated the governor’s forces; burned Jamestown Later brutally suppressed. • Was given to George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) as a reward. = 1stproprietary colony • Act of Toleration • 1st law granting religious freedom • Only applied to Christians; death to any who denied divinity of Christ. • Protestant Revolt/Civil War • Resented Catholic proprietor; repealed Act of Toleration 2 Major Colonial Disputes in Virginia CLASS DIFFERENCES (wealthy planters v. poor farmers) COLONIAL RESISTANCE TO ROYAL CONTROL

5. The Chesapeake Colonies: Labor Shortages (tobacco industry) 40 million lbs exported annually 3 Solutions to Labor Shortage: • Indentured Servitude • Under the absolute rule of their master, who paid for their passage, room, and board, for 4-7 years • After this, they gained their freedom, worked or farmed. • Head right System 50 acres were given to: • An immigrant who paid for his own passage • A plantation owner who paid an immigrant’s passage • Slavery • Bacon’s rebellion demonstrated need for a new labor source—colonists increasingly turned towards African slavery during the 17th century • Initially, African slaves had the same status as indentured servants (not for life) • House of Burgesses: in 1660’s, enacted laws that discriminated against blacks (treated as lifelong slaves). Reasons for INITIAL slow growth: • Unhealthy climate • High death rate • Disease • Indian attacks • Male-Female imbalance

6. Quiz Question 11 The colonial headright system: • Was used in all of the colonies from Massachusetts to Georgia • Gave land to slaves and indentured servants • Parceled out land for each immigrant who came to the colony • Parceled out land to those who helped settle and establish towns • Gave land to only those who were “freemen”

7. Label the Chesapeake Colonies MARYLAND VIRGINIA

8. The New England Colonies (Part 1) • Rhode Island • Roger Williams [individual conscience] • Founded Providence • Paid Native Americans for land • Complete religious toleration • Anne Hutchinson [antinomianism: faith alone, not works  salvation] • Founded Portsmouth • 1644: Charter  RHODE ISLAND • Religious freedom for all Massachusetts Bay Colony • Strong Puritan convictions • Dissidents were banned. • New Hampshire • King Charles separated it from Massachusetts, hoping to increase royal control in the colonies. • Royal colony • Connecticut • Rev. Thomas Hooker [Boston Puritans] • Founded Hartford • Fundamental Orders of Connecticut = 1st written Constitution • John Davenport • Founded New Haven • 1665: Royal Charter  CONNECTICUT • Some self-gov’t

9. Quiz Question 12 Anne Hutchinson is most associated with which of the following: • Antinomianism • Predestination • Connecticut • John Cotton • Roger Williams

10. Quiz Question 13 Massachusetts Bay produced two spin-off colonies:_____ which wished to reproduce Puritan culture, and _____, which rejected it • Connecticut and Rhode Island • Rhode Island and New Jersey • New Jersey and New York • New York and Pennsylvania • Virginia and Pennsylvania

11. The New England Colonies (Part 2) • The Halfway Covenant • “People could take part in church services without formally declaring total belief in Christ.” • Native-born Puritans weren’t as committed to their religious faith. • The Halfway Covenant helped keep the younger generation in the church. • New England Federation • This is an example of colonies taking unified action for a common purpose. • Four New England Colonies formed a military alliance in the face of Native American attacks. (2 representatives/colony) • Pequot War • Annihilated Pequot’s over fur trade dispute. • This led Chief Metacom to believe the only way to resist European encroachment was to unite with other native tribes • King Phillip’s War [ended Native American resistance to the colonists] • Metacom [a Wampanoag] (AKA King Phillip) united Southern New England tribes to attack English settlers. • 1675-1676: war; many villages were burned; thousands were killed. • Colonial forces won.

12. Quiz Question 14 A Puritan who had been baptized but who could not receive communion or vote on church matters probably joined the church under terms dictated by? • The colonial governor • The Halfway Covenant • The legislature • The Saybrook Platform • His own personal conscience

13. Label the New England Colonies MASSACHUSSETS NEW HAMPSHIRE RHODE ISLAND CONNECTICUT

14. The Restoration Colonies (Part 1)[King Charles II was returned to power after a brief Puritan rule under Oliver Cromwell.] • South Carolina • Charleston was founded by planters from Barbados (brought with them the plantation system and slave codes) • Economy: rice, indigo, foodstuffs for West Indies where sugar was the main crop • North Carolina • Small, self-sufficient tobacco farms • Less reliance on slavery • Democratic views like Rhode Island • Autonomy from the British (resistant to authority) • New York • Charles II wanted to consolidate his colonies; he granted New Amsterdam to his brother (Duke of York) and sent a force to gain control of the colony. • Renamed New Amsterdam “New York:” • Freedom of worship, linguistic freedom • Taxed colonists without allowing a representative assembly; repealed when colonists protested. • New Jersey • James felt New York was too big to govern, so he gifted a section that would eventually became New Jersey • Offered religious freedom and a representative assembly

15. The Restoration Colonies (Part 2) Pennsylvania William Penn received the land grant as a repayment of debt. • Settled by the Quakers • -loving, Christians • Gender equality (egalitarian) • Saw religious authority in each person’s soul. • “Holy Experiment” • Religious refuge for all • Liberal ideas in government • Generate income and profits • Frame of Governmentguaranteed a representative assembly. • Charter of Liberties [written Constitution] allowed freedom of worship and unrestricted immigration. • Georgia • Reasons for creating this new colony: • Create a buffer zone to protect South Carolina from Spanish Florida • London philanthropists wanted to remove debtors from crowded jails and give them a chance to start over. • James Oglethorpe (governor) • Ban on drinking rum • Prohibition of slavery • 20 years later: royal colony run by British System • Smallest, poorest colony; adopted plantation system • Delaware • William Penn gave the lower three counties of Pennsylvania a separate assembly. •  created a separate colony

16. Quiz Question 15 The colonies of Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Maryland had which of the following characteristics in common? • They were founded by Quakers • They were settled primarily by non-Englishmen • They were settled by emigrants from other colonies • They were founded as refuges from religious persecution in England • They were strongly opposed to the institution of slavery

17. Quiz Question 16 William Penn sought to do all of the following EXCEPT: • Displace the savage Indians • Provide a refuge to Quakers from England • Establish a model society based upon reform • Generated rental revenue for himself • Purchase land from the Indians

18. Quiz Question 17 A religious dissenter would have been least tolerated in: • Rhode Island • Maryland • New Netherlands • New Sweden • Massachusetts Bay

19. Label the Restoration Colonies NEW YORK NEW JERSEY PENNSYLVANIA DELAWARE NORTH CAROLINA SOUTH CAROLINA GEORGIA

20. Identify the different regions

21. Mercantilism & the Empire • Mercantilism • The main purpose of colonies was to make the parent country rich. Trade + wealth + colonies = military & political strength The parent government regulated trade and production to help become wealthier. Parent Country $$ profit $$ Navigation and Trade Acts (1650-1673) ESTABLISHED MERCANTILISM IN THE AMERICAN COLONIES. 3 rules for colonial trade: • Trade to/from colonies must use English/colonial ships & crews • All imports must pass through England. • Tobacco (etc…) could only be exported to England. Raw materials Raw materials Raw materials Colony Colony Colony • PROS • New England shipbuilding prospered. • Chesapeake tobacco had a monopoly in England. • English military protected colonies from French/Spanish attacks. • CONS • Limited manufacturing • Chesapeake received low prices for raw goods • Colonists were forced to pay high prices for English manufactured goods. •  resentment, defiance, lax enforcement, MA charter revoked. Dominion of New England James II wanted to increase royal control over the colonies by combining them and eliminating representative assemblies. • New York + New Jersey + New England = “Dominion of New England” (Governed by Sir Edmund Andros) • Glorious Revolution deposed James II; colonies returned to separate charters. • Restrictions on colonial trade continued and were widely resented.

22. Quiz Question 18 The primary purpose of the Navigation Acts of the 1660s was to: • Stimulate trade • Encourage the colonies to conduct business with other countries than England • Regulate trade within the empire • Forbade colonial to engage in England’s monopoly of munitions trade • Regulate the amount of cotton to be exported to Europe

23. Quiz Question 19 The theory that nations should increase their wealth, as measured in gold and silver and ensure that they sell more than they import is known as • imperialism • Laissez-faire • democracy • monetarism • mercantilism

24. The Institution of Slavery Reasons for the Increased Demand for Slavery • Reduced migration • Wages  in England, so fewer immigrated. • Slavery provided a stable workforce (as opposed to indentured servitude—Bacon’s Rebellion) • Slavery provided a cheap labor force • Rice & indigo (tobacco $  ) were profitable. Laws regarding Slavery  Whites regarded blacks as social inferiors. • 1641 (MA) “lawful captives” • 1661 (VA): children inherited a mother’s slave status • 1664 (MD): baptism didn’t affect a slave’s status; white women couldn’t marry African American men.

25. Triangular Trade

26. Quiz Question 20 Africa exported ____________ as part of the triangular trade system: • slaves • rum • tobacco • Woolen clothes • Gold, diamonds, and silver

27. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling p. 30 (28 new [blue/red] book) • 1. What were the motives of those who set out for Jamestown? • 2. How did colonists view England? • 3. What was the greatest obstacle that the settlers at Jamestown faced? • 4. Who was John Smith and what is his historical significance? • Cultural Clashes in the Chesapeake p. 32 • 5. What caused both the First and Second Anglo-Powhatan Wars? • 6. What was the ultimate result of these wars? • Virginia: Child of Tobacco p. 35 • 7. What does it mean to say that “the European demand for tobacco was nearly insatiable”? • 8. Name at least two effects the cultivation of tobacco had on Jamestown? • The Plantation Colonies p. 41 • 9. What did the Southern Colonies have in common? • Building the Bay Colony p. 50 • 10. What was the purpose of the government in Massachusetts Bay? • 11. What were religious leaders not allowed to do? Why is this significant? • Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania p. 60 • 12. What practices or values made Pennsylvania such a unique colony? • 13. How did Pennsylvania attract immigrants?

28. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling p. 30 • 1. What were the motives of those who set out for Jamestown? • 2. How did colonists view England? • 3. What was the greatest obstacle that the settlers at Jamestown faced? • 4. Who was John Smith and what is his historical significance? • Cultural Clashes in the Chesapeake p. 32 • 5. What caused both the First and Second Anglo-Powhatan Wars? • 6. What was the ultimate result of these wars? • Virginia: Child of Tobacco p. 35 • 7. What does it mean to say that “the European demand for tobacco was nearly insatiable”? • 8. Name at least two effects the cultivation of tobacco had on Jamestown? • The Plantation Colonies p. 41 • 9. What did the Southern Colonies have in common? • The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism p. 46 • 10. What are Protestants opposed to? Why?