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Insects and Their Impact: A Comprehensive Guide

This manual explores the importance of beneficial insects, pest damage, insect biology, and common pests attacking turf and ornamentals. Learn about major insect orders, insect development stages, and the different types of mouthparts. Discover how insects cause damage and transmit diseases to plants. Enhance your knowledge to identify between beneficial and pest insects for professional development.

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Insects and Their Impact: A Comprehensive Guide

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  1. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Dr. Vera Krischik, Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota

  2. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Learning objectives • Why insects are beneficial • Pest damage • Understand basic insect biology • Common insect pests attacking turf/ornamentals • Continue professional development

  3. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Terms to know

  4. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Introduction • Not all insects pests • 1,000,000 species/ total 2 million • 10,000 insects considered pests • Must know the difference between the two

  5. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Beneficial insects • BC Beneficial insects • ladybird beetles • lacewings • Trichogramma parasitic wasps • Sold by companies for augmentation

  6. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Damage caused by insects • Chewing on leaves, fruits, seeds, roots • Tunneling or living in stems, leaves, roots • Sucking plant juices from leaves, stems, roots, fruits, flowers • Causing galls and other malformations on plants • Transmitting plant disease

  7. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives The biology of insects: form and function • Arthropods, jointed legs • Invertebrates, no backbone, segmented • Class Insects; Class Arachnida • Wings: 2pairs, some orders 1, 0 wings • Head with eyes, antennae, mouthparts

  8. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives The biology of insects: form and function • Insects chewing mouthparts: Grasshoppers, beetles, caterpillars • Insects piercing-sucking mouthparts: siphon-like sucking; needle-like penetrating issue bugs, aphids, scales, leafhoppers, thrips mosquitoes, lice, arachnids,ticks

  9. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives The biology of insects: insect development • Insect development: change plant tissue into insect biomass • Incomplete metamorphosis: egg, nymph, adults examples: grasshoppers, true bugs, aphids, leafhoppers • Complete metamorphosis: Egg, larvae (caterpillars, grubs, maggots), pupae, adult exp: beetle, moths, butterflies, flies, bees, ants

  10. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Major insect orders: Class Insecta Orthoptera • Incomplete metamorphosis, nymphs resemble adults • Chewing mouthparts • Grasshoppers, crickets, katydids

  11. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Major insect orders: Class Insecta Hemiptera, true bugs • Incomplete metamorphosis: nymphs resemble adults; egg, nymph, adult • Piercing-Sucking mouthparts • Bed bugs, plant bugs, damsel bugs, assassin bugs • Inject toxins into hosts, wilting • Transmit diseases

  12. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Major insect orders: Class Insecta Homoptera, aphids, scales, winged/wingless • Incomplete metamorphosis: nymphs resemble adults; egg, nymph, adult • Piercing-sucking mouthparts • Aphids, psyllids, scales, mealybugs, leafhoppers, spittlebugs • Suck juices, wilting, • Transmit diseases

  13. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Major insect orders: Class Insecta Thysanoptera, thrips, winged/wingless • Incomplete metamorphosis: nymphs resemble adults; egg, nymph, adult • Piercing- sucking mouthparts • Aphids, psyllids, scales, mealybugs, leafhoppers, apittlebugs • Suck juices, wilting • Transmit diseases

  14. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Major insect orders: Class Insecta Coleoptera, beetles, weevils • Complete metamorphosis: egg, larvae, pupae, adult • Chewing mouthparts in larvae and adults • Adults with first pair of wings hardened into elytra • Range from pinhead size to several inches long • Grubs in turf, lady beetles, leaf beetles, borers

  15. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Major insect orders: Class Insecta Lepidoptera, moths, butterflies • Complete metamorphosis: egg, larvae, pupae, adult • Chewing mouthparts in larvae; adults no mouthparts or coiled for nectar feeding • Two pairs of wings • Moth antennae feathery; butterfly clubbed • Moth nocturnal; butterfly diurnal

  16. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Major insect orders: Class Insecta Diptera, flies • Complete metamorphosis: egg, larvae, pupae, adult • Chewing mouthparts in larvae; adults piercing/sucking/lapping/biting mouthparts • One wings; second pair halteres, club-like organs • Flies, mosquitoes, gnats, midges • Transmit disease, as soft rot

  17. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Major insect orders: Class Insecta Arachnida: Acarina, mites • Four pairs of legs • Chelicerae, fangs/sucking mouthparts that inject toxins into tissue • No wings, tiny

  18. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Ornamental plant pests: 26 artificial groups in five categories • Leaf-chewing • Sucking insects and mites • Stem , shoot, and trunk borers • Gall-forming insects and mites • Root-feeding insects

  19. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Ornamental plant pests: Leaf-chewing • Removes leaf area. • Cutworm caterpillars • Sawflies • Elm leaf beetle • Birch leafminer • Cankerwoms • Casebearers • Webworms • Tent caterpillars

  20. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Ornamental plant pests: Leaf-chewing • Common name: Cutworms • Hosts: Grass and seedlings • Larvae: Fat, thick, curl when touched, 1-2 inches • Adults: Dull colored moths • Overwinter: Larvae or pupae

  21. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Ornamental plant pests: Leaf-chewing • No. of generations: One • Feeding: Feed, lay eggs at night • Damage: Cutting off stems at soil surface • Control: Cut grass in early morning to kill foraging larvae

  22. Ornamental plant pests: Leaf-chewing

  23. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Ornamental plant pests: Leaf-chewing • Common name: Cankerworms, inchworms Two species: Fall cankerworm lays eggs in fall on twigs and spring cankerworm lays eggs in spring on bark • Hosts: Elm, apple, basswood, oak, boxelder, ash, maple • Larvae: Inch along, balloon on silk • Adults: Gray brown colored moths • Overwinter: Eggs or pupae

  24. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Ornamental plant pests: Leaf-chewing • No of generations: One • Feeding: On leaves • Damage: Holes in buds and leaves • Control: Early in spring when noticed

  25. Sawflies

  26. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Ornamental plant pests: Leaf-chewing • Common name: Sawflies, caterpillar-like • Hosts: Conifers, rose, mountain ash, pear • Larvae: More than 6 prolegs (caterpillars have 2-5 legs) • Adults: Look like flies, but antennae are plumose; two pairs of wings; eyes not like flies • Overwinter: Pupae in cocoons in soil, eggs

  27. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Ornamental plant pests: Leaf-chewing • No of generations: One/several depends species • Feeding: Feed in groups • Damage: Removes terminals or basal ends of shoos depending on the species in conifers; entire shoot in Rose family • Control: Early in spring when noticed before defoliation is too high. • Pesticides: Not Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (BT), Dipel, Thuricide; Orthene, Malathion, Sevin

  28. Ornamental plant pests: Leaf-chewing

  29. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Ornamental plant pests: Leaf-chewing • Common name: Elm leaf beetle, two generations • Hosts:All species of elms • Larvae: Small yellow and black stripes.1/2 in • Adults: Brownish yellow, 1/4 in • Pupae: On top of mulch, soil under the tree • Overwinter: Adults in houses, under bark

  30. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Ornamental plant pests: Leaf-chewing • No of generations: Two • Feeding: Larvae feed on underside of leaf, skeletonizing; females feed for one month laying eggs every few days • Damage: Larvae skeletonizing; adults chew holes • Control: Time to spray in May for gen one and July for gen two

  31. Ornamental plant pests: Leaf-chewing

  32. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Ornamental plant pests: Leaf-chewing • Common name: Birch leaf miner • Hosts: Gray, Paper; European white birch • Larvae: In mines, inside the leaves, blotch not serpentine mines • Adults: Look like flies, but antennae are plumose; two pairs of wings; eyes not like flies • Overwinter: In soil as pupae.

  33. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Ornamental plant pests: Leaf-chewing • No of generations: Two • Feeding: Only larvae in mines • Damage: Brown blotch mines In dry years or heavy infestation can kill trees • Control: Time to spray in May for ggemone and mid-June for gen two, only if tree is severely defoliated. Degree day is 310 days (around May 15) for gen 1 • Pesticides: Dimethoate or acephate are systemic insecticides, not residual. Metasystox-R2 in soil with Kiornitz injection system

  34. Ornamental plant pests: Sucking insects and mites • Sucking insects remove pholem or xylem from the plant, causing wilting, brown discoloration, and possible leaf death. Sooty mold often grows on the liquid feces, causing loss of photosynthate. • Spider mite • Mites • Leafhoppers • Plant bugs • Ash/ honeylocust plant bug

  35. Ornamental plant pests: Sucking insects and mites

  36. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Ornamental plant pests: Sucking insects and mites • Common name: Spider mites, galls, free-roaming • Hosts: Many plants • Larvae: Six legs • Adults: Tiny round relatives to insects; red, green, brown, yellow, w/ or w/o spots. Eight legs, two body regions. Most destructive in hot, dry weather • Overwinter: Eggs or adults

  37. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Ornamental plant pests: Sucking insects and mites • Feeding: Use chelicerae or fangs to inject toxins into leaves. • Damage: Discoloration, distortion, webbing, galls, russeting • Control: Use a miticide, spray plants to dislodge mites. • Biological control: Many natural enemies such as green lacewings, ladybugs, damsel bugs

  38. Ornamental plant pests: Sucking insects and mites

  39. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Ornamental plant pests: Sucking insects and mites • Common name: Aphids, approx 50 species • Hosts: Many plants • Nymphs: Young resemble adults, except for size • Adults:Small 1/16 to 1/18 in; females give birth to live young, wingless; wings produce in fall and when food quality decreases. Long antennae, tubercles on the rear of abdomen. • Overwinter: Eggs or adults

  40. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Ornamental plant pests: Sucking insects and mites • Common name: Aphids, approx 50 species • Hosts: Many plants • Nymphs: Young resemble adults, except for size • Adults:Small 1/16 to 1/18 in; females give birth to live young, wingless; wings produce in fall and when food quality decreases. Long antennae, tubercles on the rear of abdomen. • Overwinter: Eggs or adults

  41. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Ornamental plant pests: Sucking insects and mites • Feeding: Sucking mouthparts;suck sap on underside of leaf, leaf curl around them. Suck juices from leaves, stems, buds • Damage: Produce honeydew on which sooty mold grows. Cause plants to stunt, do poorly. On bark aphids do little damage. • Disease: Carry pathogens, virus • Control: Spray water • Pesticides: Orthene, Cygon, Malathion, insecticidal soap • Biological control: Green lacewings, ladybugs, damsel bugs, syrphid flies

  42. Ornamental plant pests: Sucking insects and mites

  43. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Ornamental plant pests: Sucking insects and mites • Common name: Leafhopper • Hosts: Maple, sycamore, hawthorn, azalea • Nymphs: Similar to adult without wings • Adults: Small green, wedge shaped, 1/4 to 1/3 in; wings roof-like over head; numerous,rise like a cloud of dust • Overwinter: Eggs or adults.

  44. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Ornamental plant pests: Sucking insects and mites • Feeding: Suck juices from leaves, stems, buds • Damage: Irregular patches where leaves are bleached. Can be common in turf. • Control: Not usual, spray foliage with insecticidal soap

  45. Ornamental plant pests: Sucking insects and mites

  46. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Ornamental plant pests: Sucking insects and mites • Common name: Plant bugs; ash plant bug, honeylocust plant bug • Hosts: Ash, honeylocust • Nymphs: Look like adults, wingless • Adults:Oval green, brown 1/16 to 1/4 in ash plant bug (pale brown w/ yellow markings), honeylocust plant bug (pale green) • Overwinter: Eggs

  47. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Ornamental plant pests: Sucking insects and mites • Feeding: Underside of leaves • Damage: Brown, puncture wounds from mouthparts; leaves run yellow or brown w/ stippling, brown excrement on underside of leaves. Honeylocust plant bug can damage buds and young leaves. • Control:Honeylocust in sun/ yellow leaf cultivars more more attract to honeylocust plant bug. Spray week after bud break. • Pesticides: Acephate, carbaryl, malathion, soap

  48. Ornamental plant pests: Sucking insects and mites

  49. Manual E, Chapter 3:Insects and their relatives Ornamental plant pests: Sucking insects and mites • Common name: Scales • Hosts: Many plants • Crawlers: Small white, yellow, orange, w/ legs. • Adults: Lack wings, antennae, eyes; round, waxy protective shells/covers or wool-like filaments; all colors • Overwinter: Eggs, immature females, adult females

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