Unit 1 : Emergence of the USA as a Global Player

1. Unit 1: Emergence of the USA as a Global Player Learning Targets 1 - 14

2. 1. I can define imperialism. • Imperialism

3. 1. I can define imperialism. • Imperialism • policy of extending rule/control of one country over other countries, territories, people, etc, usually to control: • raw materials • markets • naval bases • Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan engaged in Africa, Asia, Pacific Ocean • U.S. must compete or be left out of “empire”

4. 2. I can explain why countries engaged in imperialism. • Motives/reasons for imperialism • idea of “progress” • view that human race should advance • new forms of energy, business, industry • “Social Darwinism” • survival of the fittest applied to nations • “white man’s burden” • duty of advanced nations to help developing nations • spread “superior” technology, medicine, political/economic systems, law, religion, education system, etc...

5. 2. I can explain why countries engaged in imperialism. • Motives/reasons for imperialism • strategic/security considerations • “forward defense” • protect national interest • raw materials, markets, shipping lanes, etc... • fear of being left out • U.S., Germany, Italy new to empire bldg. • scramble for colonies • capitalist economic system • Lenin - “capitalist nations are inherently imperialistic” • never ending need for raw materials/markets for surplus goods

6. 3. I can explain the sequence of events that led to the overthrow of Hawaii.

7. 3. I can explain the sequence of events that led to the overthrow of Hawaii. • Annexation of Hawaii • economically important since 1790’s • coaling station on way to Asia • missionaries establish Christian schools in 1820’s • sugar merchants control 3/4 of islands wealth by 1850 • force change in constitution to limit voting to wealthy land owners – 1887 (Bayonet Constitution) • gives control of government to American businessmen • benefit from “duty-free” sugar imports to US • threatened by McKinley Tariff of 1890 • urge “annexation” to US to avoid tariff

8. 3. I can explain the sequence of events that led to the overthrow of Hawaii. • Bayonet Constitution (1887) • authored by Lorrin Thurston • secured planters’ power • set wealth & property qualifications for election to legislature • gave Americans & Europeans suffrage rights • denied to Asian laborers, native Hawaiians! • vested authority in cabinet ministers • prohibited minister’s dismissal w/o legislature’s approval • so-called as imposed with implied threat of armed force!

10. 3. I can explain the sequence of events that led to the overthrow of Hawaii. • Pearl Harbor • Hawaii forced to sign treaty allowing construction of naval base at Pearl Harbor - 1887

12. 3. I can explain the sequence of events that led to the overthrow of Hawaii. Queen Liliuokalani

13. 3. I can explain the sequence of events that led to the overthrow of Hawaii. • Queen Liliuokalani – 1891 • “Hawaii for Hawaiians” movement • proposed new constitution removing property qualifications to vote • Queen overthrown in “coup d etat” - 1893 • John L. Stevens • US ambassador • “The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe, and this is the golden hour … to pluck it.” • orders marines from USS Boston to land, take control of government, imprisons the Queen • Sanford B. Dole • established as President of “provisional” government

14. 3. I can explain the sequence of events that led to the overthrow of Hawaii. Troops from U.S.S. Boston John L. Stevens Sanford B. Dole

15. 3. I can explain the sequence of events that led to the overthrow of Hawaii. • President Grover Cleveland 1893 - 1897 • orders Queen Liliuokalani restored to throne • Dole refuses to relinquish power • Cleveland unwilling to use force • recognizes the Republic of Hawaii • refuses annexation unless majority of Hawaiians favor it • “By an act of war, committed with the participation of a diplomatic representative of the United States and without authority of Congress, the government of a feeble but friendly and confiding people has been overthrown. A substantial wrong has thus been done, which a due regard for our national character, as well as the rights of the injured people, requires we should endeavor to repair.” -President Grover Cleveland

16. 3. I can explain the sequence of events that led to the overthrow of Hawaii. • President William McKinley • becomes President in 1897 • favors annexation of Hawaii • Hawaii proclaimed an American “protectorate” • 1898 • without Hawaiians input • becomes 50th US state in 1959

17. What precedent did the overthrow of Hawaii set for U.S. foreign policy in the 20th century? • precedent • an earlier event or action that sets an example or guide to be considered in subsequent similar circumstances • example: 2 term tradition • set by George Washington • broken by Franklin D. Roosevelt

18. What precedent did the overthrow of Hawaii set for U.S. foreign policy in the 20th century? • How did overthrow of Hawaii set an example for US foreign policy in the last century? • agent for US Government involved in overthrow • John L. Stevens • accomplished for the benefit of business interests • sugar growers • Dole Company

19. What precedent did the overthrow of Hawaii set for U.S. foreign policy in the 20th century? • How did overthrow of Hawaii set an example for US foreign policy in the last century? • 1901 – Platt Amendment makes Cuba a protectorate! • 1903 – US backs Panamanian independence from Columbia • 1904 – Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine • 1905 – US occupies Dominican Republic • 1909 - U.S.-backed rebels in Nicaragua depose President José Santos Zelaya • 1914 to 1917 - U.S. troops entering northern portion of Mexico in pursuit of Pancho Villa

20. What precedent did the overthrow of Hawaii set for U.S. foreign policy in the 20th century? • How did overthrow of Hawaii set an example for US foreign policy in the last century? • 1915 to 1934 - United States occupation of Haiti • 1923 to 1928 - Marines occupied Nicaraguan cities • 1950 to 1953 - US and UN forces fought communist Chinese and North Korean troops in the Korean War • 1953 - CIA helped Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran remove the democratically elected Prime Minister, Mohammed Mossadegh • 1954 - the CIA armed anti-communist rebels that helped overthrow the JacoboÁrbenz government in Guatemala

21. What precedent did the overthrow of Hawaii set for U.S. foreign policy in the 20th century? • How did overthrow of Hawaii set an example for US foreign policy in the last century? • 1958 – US sponsored a failed revolt against Indonesian President Sukarno • 1959 - CIA attempted to depose Cuban dictator Fidel Castro through the Bay of Pigs Invasion • 1960 - CIA planned a coup against the government of Iraq headed by dictator Abd al-KarimQasim • 1961 - CIA supported the overthrow of Rafael Trujillo dictator of the Dominican Republic • 1965 to 1973 - US troops fought North Vietnam and theViet Cong during the Vietnam War

22. What precedent did the overthrow of Hawaii set for U.S. foreign policy in the 20th century? • How did overthrow of Hawaii set an example for US foreign policy in the last century? • more recently, • Grenada • Panama • Kuwait • Somalia • Iraq • Afghanistan • Libya • Syria • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations

23. 4. I can analyze the motives of the nations involved in the Spanish-American-Cuban War. • Spain • maintain age-old colonial possessions in New World • once, the most powerful colonial nation • now, only held onto the Philippines, Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico • all taken by US in Treaty of Paris of 1898 • Cuba • “insurrectos” • Cuban nationalists seeking independence from Spain • pursued policy of sabotage and laying waste to plantations • seeking Spain’s withdrawal • Why opposed to US intervention?

25. 4. I can analyze the motives of the nations involved in the Spanish-American-Cuban War. • United States • “jingoism” • an intense form of nationalism advocating an aggressive foreign policy • Economics • large American investments in sugar, tobacco, mining, railroads, and public utilities • 1898 - $50 million • 1913 - $220 million

26. 4. I can analyze the motives of the nations involved in the Spanish-American-Cuban War. • Treaty of Commercial Reciprocity • written by U.S. in 1902 • reduced tariffs on Cuban goods exported to the U.S. (mainly sugar) • required Cuba to import mostly American goods, in return

27. 4. I can analyze the motives of the nations involved in the Spanish-American-Cuban War. • United States • Spanish misrule in Cuba • “Butcher” Weyler • “reconcentration” policy • Monroe Doctrine • resist European influence in Western Hemisphere • Guantanamo Bay • naval base for strategic/defense considerations • Racism • fear of a “black republic”

28. 4. I can analyze the motives of the nations involved in the Spanish-American-Cuban War. • Why did Cuba not want the U.S. to get involved in the war? • feared the US would take control of economy and then, the political life of Cuba! • Platt Amendment! • no treaties w/ foreign nation to impair its independence • no build up of public debt • permit U.S. to intervene in Cuba to preserve independence/maintain law/order • allow U.S. naval bases in Cuba (Guantanamo Bay)

29. 5. I can describe the effects of the Spanish-American-Cuban War. • Cuba and the Platt Amendment • Teller Amendment • “U.S. has no intention of taking political control of Cuba” • guaranteed U.S. respect for sovereignty as an independent nation • Platt Amendment • no treaties w/ foreign nation to impair its independence • no build up of public debt • permit U.S. to intervene in Cuba to preserve independence/maintain law/order • allow U.S. naval bases in Cuba (Guantanamo Bay) • withdrawal of troops conditional on Cuban acceptance of Platt Amendment!

30. How did the Platt Amendment affect Cuba’s relationship with the United States? • Platt Amendment made Cuba a U.S. : “protectorate”! • a nation whose affairs are controlled by a stronger power! • US business interests dominate Cuba for 60 years • sugar, fruit, mining, lumber, tobacco, mining, railroads, and public utilities • leads to Cuban Revolution - 1959 • under Fidel Castro • Bay of Pigs Invasion • Cuban Missile Crisis

31. 5. I can describe the effects of the Spanish-American-Cuban War. • Philippines • George Dewey • defeats Spanish fleet at Manila Bay • August 13, 1898 • Cuba • US casualties • 500 die in battle • 5,000 die due to malaria, dysentery, typhoid • Teddy Roosevelt leads “Rough Riders” up San Juan Hill • actually “Kettle Hill” • navy destroys Spanish at Santiago Bay

32. 5. I can describe the effects of the Spanish-American-Cuban War. • Treaty of Paris – 1898 • Cuba independent • US acquires Puerto Rico, Guam • US acquires the Philippines • in return for $20 million • Why? • The Philippine Question? • anti-imperialists opposed • heavily populated • different race, culture • violated principles of Declaration of Independence • right to life, liberty, happiness • possession entangle U.S. in conflicts in Asia

33. 5. I can describe the effects of the Spanish-American-Cuban War. • imperialists ratify Treaty of Paris • 57 to 27 • 2/3rds vote necessary (2 votes short of defeat) • Philippine-American War • Emilio Aguinaldo • leader of guerrilla movement against U.S. takeover of Philippines • U.S. “reconcentration” policy • war lasts 3 years, cost $170 million, 4,000 American lives, 20,000 Filipino lives

34. 5. I can describe the effects of the Spanish-American-Cuban War. • Insular Cases • “Does the constitution follow the flag?” • civil liberties/constitutional protections extend to peoples of Philippines/Puerto Rico? • Supreme Court says “no”!

35. What comparisons can you draw between U.S. involvement in Hawaii and in Cuba? • climates conducive to sugar growing/production • use of, or threat of use of, military forces • Hawaii - USS Boston • Cuba – Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Riders • economic/tariff policy affects profits and political status • McKinley Tariff - annexation of Hawaii • Treaty of Commercial Reciprocity – protectorate • acquisition of naval bases • Pearl Harbor – Hawaii • Guantanamo Bay - Cuba

36. 6. I can describe the Roosevelt Corollary.

37. 6. I can describe the Roosevelt Corollary. • Roosevelt Corollary – 1904 • a corollary (addition) to the Monroe Doctrine • articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt • State of the Union Message (1904) • states that the United States will intervene in conflicts… • between European Nations and Latin American countries • to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers • rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly

38. 7. I can analyze the underlying causes of World War I. • Imperialism • policy of extending rule/control of one country over other countries, territories, people, etc, usually to control: • raw materials, markets, naval bases • Nationalism • extreme pride and patriotism in one’s nation • in countries under foreign, political, or economic domination, aspirations for independence

39. 7. I can analyze the underlying causes of World War I. • System of Alliances • a formal pact of union or confederation between nations in a common cause • pledge of friendship and/or aid • in peace or war • note Franco-American Alliance of 1778 • see next slide …

40. 7. I can analyze the underlying causes of World War I. Triple Entente Triple Alliance • Great Britain • France • Russia • formed in 1907 • Britain & France after centuries of war • France & Russia as “strange bedfellows” • Germany • Austria-Hungry • Italy • formed in 1907 • Germany & A-H for German access to the sea • Italy for promises of greater colonial empire

42. 7. I can analyze the underlying causes of World War I. • Militarism • the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests • build-up of arms • an “arms race” • especially in naval forces

43. 7. I can analyze the underlying causes of World War I. • Fear • stemming from technological advances of the Industrial Revolution … • … leading to growing military power … • … resulting in formation of Alliance System!

44. 8. I can recall what triggered World War I. • Assassination of Franz Ferdinand • heir to Austro-Hungarian throne

45. 8. I can recall what triggeredWorld War I. • Assassination of Franz Ferdinand • by GavriloPrincip • member of the “Black Hand”

46. 9. I can identify countries that were part of the Allied and Central Powers. • Allies • Australia • Belgium • British Colonies • Canada, Newfoundland • France • French North Africa & French Colonies • Great Britain • Greece • India • Italy • Japan • Montenegro • New Zealand • Portugal • Romania • Russia • Serbia • South Africa • United States

47. 9. I can identify countries that were part of the Allied and Central Powers. • Central Powers • Germany • Austria-Hungry • Ottoman Empire • Bulgaria • note absence of Italy from original Triple Alliance • secret treaty with France not to fight each other • Italy joins the Allies

48. 10. I can explain how the U.S. got involved in World War I. • Unrestricted Submarine Warfare • Sussex • Lusitania • Zimmerman Note • Arthur Zimmerman • Foreign Minister to Mexico • hinted at an alliance, if • Mexico attacked the United States • might regain the territories lost during the Mexican-American War • Mexican Cession, Texas, Gadsden Purchase

49. 11. I can hypothesize how propaganda posters might have helped with World War I. • Propaganda • is used in accordance with psychological warfare • to demonize the enemy • to spread deliberate fabrications or exaggerations of the truth about their crimes in wartime • to help bring nations to action and provoke public outcry

50. 11. I can hypothesize how propaganda posters might have helped with World War I.