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AN INTRODUCTION TO TAXONOMY: THE BACTERIA

AN INTRODUCTION TO TAXONOMY: THE BACTERIA. CHAPTER 9. I.Taxonomy. Definition The science of classification. Taxon (taxa): category Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) Binomial Nomenclature

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AN INTRODUCTION TO TAXONOMY: THE BACTERIA

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  1. AN INTRODUCTION TO TAXONOMY: THE BACTERIA CHAPTER 9

  2. I.Taxonomy • Definition • The science of classification. • Taxon (taxa): category • Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) • Binomial Nomenclature • Strains: subgroup of species with one or more characteristicsthat distinguish it from other subgroups of the same species. • Escherchia coli ML3-, K12, 0157:H7 • Table 9.1.

  3. Using Taxonomy Key:classification Hierarchy, Fig 9.4

  4. Tools of Taxonomy • Dichotomous keys

  5. Problem in Taxonomy Phylogenetic or evolutionary relationship What constitutes a species, or what constitutes a kingdom?

  6. Developments since Linnaeus’s Time • 1866 Ernst H. Haeckel: Protista: Simple forms of Life, bacteria, many algae, protozoa, multicellular fungi and sponges . • 1937 Procaryotes and Eukaryotes • 1957 Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. • 1956 Lynn Margulis and H. F. Copeland • 4 kingdoms system of classification: • 1. Monera: Bacteria, blue-green algae • 2. Protocista: algae, protozoa, fungi • 3.Plantae: • 4.Animalia • 1962 C. B. Van Niel and R. Stanier: Definition of Bacteria

  7. 5 Kingdom Classification • R. H. Whittaker • 1969

  8. Kingdom Monera • Kingdom Monera

  9. Archaeans

  10. Kingdom Protista

  11. Kingdom Fungi • Kingdom Fungi

  12. Kingdom Plantae • Chlorophylls • Chloroplasts • Plant-Microbes Interactions • Plant pathogens • quinine

  13. Kingdom Animalia

  14. The Evolution of Procaryotic organisms Stromatolites: fossilized photosynthetic photosynthetic procaryotes: age of microorganisms. Life started 4 billion years. Archaeobacteria: extreme environment Methanogens Extreme halophiles extremethermophiles Domain

  15. The Tree of Life is Replaced by a Shrub • Figure 9.13, 9.14. • Universal common ancestor? • Bacteria and archaea • Eukarya branch fro archaea?

  16. 3 Domain Classification: Carl Woese, G. F. Fox, 1976 • Bacteria • Archaea • Eukarya

  17. Table 9.3. bacteria, eukarya and archaea Compared • Figure 9. 13

  18. Evolution • “Tree” versus “Shrub” • Lateral gene transfer

  19. Virus Classification • No Kingdoms • Classification characteristics • Morphology

  20. THE SARCH FOR EVOLTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS • Single Chromosome • Megaplasmid • Brucella suis • Mesoploidy • Special Methods needed for prokaryotes: • most ancestral prokaryotes disappeared.

  21. Taxonomic Methods • Numerical Taxonomy • Genetic Homology • Base Composition • DNA and RNA Sequencing • DNA hybridization • Protein profiles and Amino Acid Sequences Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) • Protein sequencing

  22. Taxonomic Methods • Ribosomal gene sequencing • Immunology • Phage typing

  23. Significance of Findings Divergent evolution

  24. Classification Table 9.5 Table 9.6 Identification Type strain American Type Culture Collection Bacterial Taxonomy

  25. Bergey and His Manuals: 1923

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