MONDAY 10/5

1. Republicanism: just society where citizens willingly subordinated their private selfish interests to the common goal; power flowed from the people themselves • “Radical Whigs”: group derived from one of the dominate political parties in England (the other is Torries) who warned citizens to be on guard against corruption. British political writers John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon wrote prolifically in the weekly Independent Whig about the Crown and Parliament becoming too powerful and encroaching on the liberty of the people (TYRANNY!) • Navigation Acts:A series of British regulations which taxed goods imported by the colonies from places other than Britain, or otherwise sought to control and regulate colonial trade. Increased British-colonial trade and tax revenues. The Navigation Acts were reinstated after the French and Indian War because Britain needed to pay off debts incurred during the war, and to pay the costs of maintaining a standing army in the colonies. MONDAY 10/5

2. Question of the Day The Death of General Wolfe by Benjamin West, 1770(Source: Wikimedia Commons--public domain) Which of the following statements about the French & Indian War are accurate?I. The British national debt greatly increased as a result of fighting the warII. The French gained a great deal of territory at the 1763 Peace of Paris negotiationsIII. Indian tribes were divided in their loyalties, with some assisting the French and others the BritishIV. Following the war, the British implemented several new colonial policies, including restricting the westward settlements of American colonists(A) I, II, and IV only(B) I, III, and IV only(C) I and III only(D) I and IV only(E) all of the statements are true

3. What Is the Answer? (B) I, III, and IV only Explanation:The French & Indian War, known as the Seven Years' War in Europe, pitted British and French forces against one another in battles along the Ohio River Valley, New England, and in Canada. Some Indian tribes, such as the Huron, allied themselves with the French while others, including the Mohawks, assisted the British. France gave up almost all of its North American possessions at the conclusion of the war and while the British gained considerable territory, they also acquired a huge debt and a growing sense that the American colonies should pay for their own defense.

4. Vocabulary/Chapter 7: “enumerated” products: Products that American muserchants must ship exclusively to Britain, even though prices might be better elsewhere. The first article enumerated was tobacco in 1621. Subsequent enumerated products included sugar, tobacco, indigo, rice and molasses, naval stores, including tar, pitch, rosin, and masts, hides and skins, whale fins, and raw silk. Such legislation aimed to prevent important products from reaching European markets except by way of England. . Bills of exchange: credit slips that British manufacturers, West Indian planters, and American merchants used to trade among themselves in the 18th century. TUESDAY 10/6

5. Question of the Day One significant result of the French and Indian War was    (A)   the end of Indian threats to settlers in the Ohio River Valley    (B)   a centralized French system of governance in place of the laissez faire approach of the British    (C)   an increase in the British national debt    (D)   a decrease in interest in colonial settlement in western areas    (E)   an increase in the power of the French navy General Braddock's Death at the Battle of MonongahelaSource: Wikipedia Commons (public domain)

6. What Is the Answer? (C)   an increase in the British national debtExplanation:The French and Indian War (known as the Seven Years' War in Europe) between the British and the French lasted from 1754 to 1763. It resulted in a large number of British troops being deployed in the American colonies. The British built up an enormous debt in fighting the war. This required an increase in British taxes and led some in Parliament to advocate internal colonial taxes, such as the 1765 Stamp Act, which helped stir American resentment of British control.

7. Vocabulary/Chapter 7: • Writs of Assistance—part of the Townshend Acts • Search warrants issued by the British government; allowed officials to search houses and ships for smuggled goods, and to enlist colonials to help them search. The writs could be used anywhere, anytime, as often as desired rather than a judge’s warrant permitting a search only of a specifically named property. The officials did not need to prove that there was reasonable cause to believe that the person subject to the search had committed a crime or might have possession of contraband before getting a writ or searchinga house. The writs were protested by the colonies. • Vice-admiralty courts—merchants accused of violating the Sugar Act and all customs offenses would be tried by maritime tribunals composed only of a judge and not by local common-law juries. WEDNESDAY 10/7

8. Question of the DayThe Center of British Mercantilism, London, 1700 Image Source: Wikipedia Commons (public domain) The British policy of mercantilism in the 18th Century did not contain which of the following premises?    (A) colonies should serve as sources of raw materials for Britain    (B) colonies should be allowed to trade openly with other European nations    (C) Britain's economic health was determined by the amount of gold and silver in the nation's treasury    (D) colonies should serve as markets for Britains's exports    (E) all trade between a foreign country and a colony should be subject to British control

9. What Is the Answer? (B) colonies should be allowed to trade openly with other European nations Explanation:Mercantilism was the economic policy prevalent in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. It supported the development of policies that maintained a nation's prosperity through trade regulation. Colonies were seen as both sources of raw materials and as markets for exported goods from Britain. Wealth was measured by the amount of currency (gold and silver) in a nation's treasury.  Colonial trade was to be strictly controlled by Britain. Mercantilist policies, such as the Navigation Acts, led to resentment among the American colonists in the last half of the 18th century.

10. Vocabulary/Chapter 7: • Writs of AssistanceSearch warrants issued by the British government. They allowed officials to search houses and ships for smuggled goods, and to enlist colonials to help them search. The writs could be used anywhere, anytime, as often as desired. The officials did not need to prove that there was reasonable cause to believe that the person subject to the search had committed a crime or might have possession of contraband before getting a writ or searching a house. The writs were protested by the colonies. • Sons of LibertyA radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere. THURSDAY 10/8

11. Question of the Day Many American colonists resented the Proclamation Line of 1763 because it    (A)  favored New England over the Southern colonies    (B)  prevented settlement in the area west of the Appalachian Mountains    (C)  allowed the Spanish to increase their presence in the Southwest    (D)  was seen as a limitation on navigation rights in the seas    (E)  increased the power of governors appointed by the king Pre-Revolutionary War American ColoniesImage Source: Wikimedia Commons (public domain)

12. What Is the Answer? (B)  prevented settlement in the area west of the Appalachian Mountains Explanation:Following their victory in the French & Indian War, the British found themselves with a massive amount of territory that had formerly been claimed by the French in addition to huge debts accrued during the war. The Proclamation of 1763 prevented American colonists from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains. This caused outrage in certain sections of colonial America, particularly among those in the backcountry regions of the Southern colonies.

13. Board of Trade: Advisory body that supervised American colonial affairs. Established in 1696 to replace the Lords of Trade (1675–96), it examined colonial legislation to ensure maximum benefit to British trade policies. The board nominated colonial governors, recommended laws affecting the colonies to Parliament, and heard complaints from the colonies about its administrators. It lacked executive or legislative powers, but it became the primary colonial policy-making body of the British government. It was abolished in 1782. Gaspée IncidentIn June, 1772, the British customs ship Gaspée ran around off the colonial coast. When the British went ashore for help, colonials boarded the ship and burned it. They were sent to Britain for trial. Colonial outrage led to the widespread formation of Committees of Correspondence. FRIDAY 10/9

14. Question of the Day "Boston Tea Party,"lithograph by Sarony & Major, 1846Image Source: Wikimedia Commons (public domain) The Boston Tea Party was followed closely by the    (A)  Boston Massacre    (B)  Tea Act    (C)  midnight ride of Paul Revere    (D)  passage of the Intolerable Acts by Parliament    (E)  "taxation without representation is tyranny" speech by Patrick Henry

15. What Is the Answer? (D)  passage of the Intolerable Acts by Parliament Explanation:The Intolerable (or Coercive) Acts comprised Parliament's response to the destruction of 342 chests of tea in December 1773 by Bostonians in protest of the Tea Act. In an attempt to support the British East India Tea Company against foreign competitors, the Tea Act actually lowered the cost of British tea, but to buy it meant that the colonists were paying a tea tax. A group of colonists, led by the Sons of Liberty, dressed as Indians, seized ships in Boston Harbor, and threw the tea into the water. The Intolerable Acts closed the port of Boston, moved trials to Newfoundland, allowed for the quartering of British troops in American homes, and extended the boundary of Quebec, which was seen as a move to reduce the independence of Massachusetts.