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Chapter 14

Chapter 14. BLOOD!. I. Function of Blood. A. Pick up and delivery system (Federal Express) 1. Picks up food and oxygen from the digestive and respiratory systems. 2. Delivers them to cells while picking up wastes from cells for delivery to the excretory organs.

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Chapter 14

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  1. Chapter 14 BLOOD!

  2. I. Function of Blood • A. Pick up and delivery system (Federal Express) • 1. Picks up food and oxygen from the digestive and respiratory systems

  3. 2. Delivers them to cells while picking up wastes from cells for delivery to the excretory organs

  4. B. Also functions as the body’s heat regulating mechanism • 1. Absorbs large quantities of heat and transfers this heat from the core of body to its surface, where it can be dissipated.

  5. II. Composition of Blood • A. Volume of blood • 1. Females – 4 to 5 liters • 2. Males – 5 to 6 liters • 3. One unit of blood is about 0.5 liters

  6. B. Blood components • 1. Plasma – fluid like portion made 90% of water and 10% solutes (proteins, electrolytes and antibodies) • 2. Formed elements • a. Red blood cells • b. White blood cells • c. Platelets

  7. Composition of Blood

  8. III. Red Blood Cells • A. Anatomy • 1. Normal, mature RBC has no nucleus, mitochondria, or ribosomes

  9. 2. Contains hemoglobin – a red pigment which has 4 iron atoms attached. Each RBC has 200-300 million molecules of hemoglobin • 3. Depressed in the middle so it has a thinner middle (think of a Jr. mint) • a. Unique shape allows it to be flexible as it is forces to pass through deforming passages

  10. B. RBC’s are the most numerous of the cells found in blood • C. Physiology – main function is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body

  11. D. Lifecycle • 1. Formed in the bone marrow • 2. Circulates about 105-120 days, but then becomes fragmented and breaks apart • 3. Macrophage cells phagocytose the aged RBC fragments • 4. The iron is returned to the bone marrow to make new RBC

  12. Circulation for about 120 days 7 3 Reused for protein synthesis Amino acids Transferrin Fe3+ Globin 6 4 5 Fe3+ 2 Fe3+ Ferritin Heme Transferrin + Globin Bilirubin 9 + Biliverdin Liver Vitamin B12 Bilirubin 11 1 Red blood cell death and phagocytosis + 10 Erythopoietin Small intestine Kidney 8 Erythropoiesis in red bone marrow Bilirubin 13 12 Urobilin Urobilinogen Macrophage in spleen, liver, or red bone marrow Key: Bacteria in blood Stercobilin 14 Large intestine in bile Feces Urine Circulation for about 120 days 3 Reused for protein synthesis Amino acids Globin Transferrin 4 2 Heme Biliverdin 1 Red blood cell death and phagocytosis

  13. IV. White Blood cells • A. Anatomy and Physiology and Lifespan • 1. All have nuclei and generally larger than RBC

  14. a. Granulocytes (all for acute infection) • i. Neutrophils – function for cellular defense – phagocytosis of small microorganisms. Lasts from hours to 3 days.

  15. ii. Eosinophils – functions for cellular defense – phagocytosis of large microorganisms, especially in digestive and respiratory tracts. Lasts 10-12 days • iii. Basophils – functions to secrete heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine. Lasts hours to 3 days.

  16. b. Agranulocytes(all for chronic infection) • i. Lymphocytes – functions to secrete antibodies. Lasts days to years

  17. ii. Monocytes – functions to migrate out of blood to enter tissue space as a macrophage and ingesting bacteria, cellular debris and cancerous cells. Lasts months.

  18. B. Formation of WBC • 1. The granulocytes and a few agranulocytes originate in the red bone marrow • 2. Most agranulocytes originate in lymphatic tissue

  19. V. Platelets • A. Function is to help form blood clots called platelet plug which stops the flow of blood in to the tissues. • B. Lifespan – Lasts 7 to 10 days

  20. VI. ABO Blood Types • Refers to the type of antigen (A, B, and Rh) located on the surface of the RBC membrane

  21. A. Types • 1. Type A blood has A antigen on the RBC • 2. Type B blood has B antigen on the RBC • 3. Type AB blood has both antigens A and B on the RBC • 4. Type O has NEITHER A antigen nor B antigen

  22. B. Two important principles • 1. A person never has antibodies against their own antigens on their own RBC. If it did the antibody would destroy his own RBC

  23. 2. A person does contain the antibodies against the opposite antigen (exception with type AB blood) • a. Type A blood contains antigen A and antibody B • b. Type B blood contains antigen B and antibody A

  24. c. Type AB blood contains antigens A and B but neither antibody A nor B • d. Type O blood contains neither antigen A or B but does contain antibodies A and B

  25. ABO Blood Groups

  26. C. Giving the person a blood type that does not match will cause agglutination where the blood cells clump

  27. D. Universal donor– Type O because it does not contain antigens A or B so it can be safely given to MOST individuals

  28. E. Transfusion – receiving blood at the time of need. If it is someone else’s blood it’s called homologous transfusion. If it is your own blood, it is called autologous transfusion.

  29. VII. Rh System • A. Rh + means Rh antigen os present on RBC while Rh – means it is not. (blood test required at marriage)

  30. B. Normally Rh antibodies are not present unless an Rh – person has received Rh + blood. This can happen in two ways

  31. 1. If an Rh – person receives a transfusion (can be male or female)

  32. 2. If an Rh – woman marries and Rh + man and becomes pregnant with his child. If the baby is Rh + the mother will make antibodies in her blood. The danger comes with the 2nd pregnancy if she has an Rh + baby then her blood will react against the 2nd baby. To stop the mother from making Rh antibodies , an Rh – will will be given a shot of RhoGam….so the possibility of harming the baby is no longer there.

  33. VIII. Blood’s ability to Clot • This is called coagulation. • Coagulation can be good or bad

  34. A. Good – if vessel becomes ruptured or cut then the blood needs to thicken and clot at the site • 1. Injury occurs – step one: sticky platelets first arrive on the scene to make a platelet plug. This is activated by applying pressure

  35. 2. Then fibrin (think threads of tissue) trap RBC’s to form a clot or mesh (“scab”) • B. Bad – if not needed, coagulation must be prevented. You want your blood to flow at a good rate without any clots. Clots can block a particular passage way and cause tissue death (in the heart or brain)

  36. C. Factors that induce coagulation • 1. Rough spot in vessel lining – such as build up of plaques of cholesterol-lipid material

  37. 2. Slow blood flow – as in body immobility – as in patients who are bed ridden. Physicians insist that bed patients be moved frequently. • 3. Heparin is given to thin the blood and keep clots from forming. Some older people take an asprin a day to keep the blood from forming clots (Bayer commercial)

  38. 4. Other drugs have been used to dissolve clots. If stroke victim is given a clot dissolving drug within 6 hours then it can often improve the serious after affects of the stroke.

  39. IX. Conditions of the Blood

  40. A. Anemia • Low RBC count • Therefore deficiency in hemoglobin which carries the oxygen molecules to the cells and therefore the patient experiences fatigue

  41. B. Leukopenia • A decrease WBC count such as in AIDS • Lower WBC decreases their immune system (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) so they are not able to fight off common illnesses

  42. C. Leukocytosis • An increase in WBC count • Patient will have elevated WBC count when fighting a bacterial infection • One of the key symptoms is appendicitis

  43. D. Erythroblastosis fetalis • Rh positive fetus that is carried by Rh negative mother that has built antibodies against the babies blood

  44. E. Leukemia • Malignant condition of the blood • Five different types in which there is leukocytosis and anemia

  45. F. Hemophilia • This was a common illness in the Royal family….beginning with Czar Nicholas and his son • Patient is unable to clot blood and theu can bleed to death from very minor injuries

  46. G. Thrombosis • Clot the stays put in the same place it forms

  47. H. Embolism • A clot that becomes dislodged and travels the circulatory system • This is what a clot is harmful, if it gets lodged and blocks blood, especially in the brain or heart

  48. I. Hypovolemic Shock • Hypo– low, vol- volume, emic- blood • Person suffering from losing large amounts of blood.

  49. Results in 4 things: • 1. Causes heart to race to try to pump blood that is not there (common sign right before death) • 2. The blood pressure drops causing collapse or fainting

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