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Explore the complexities of globalization, from traditional inequalities to newly emerging challenges, and the potential for global social justice. Delve into the economic aspects, organizational structures, and global actors shaping the world today.
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The New Global Inequalities David Brady Duke University
BLUE JEANS SOLD AT WALMART (Jennifer Bair) Sent over land from Mexico to Wal-Mart DC in Bentonville, Ark. Retailer (Wal-Mart) Brand (Levi’s) U.S. Manufacturer Taiwanese Manufacturer Shipped by container from Shenzhen to West Coast ports Inputs: Cotton (Texas) Thread (S. CA) Denim (Mexico) Dominican Manufacturer Inputs: Cotton (India) Thread (China) Denim (China) Factory in Mexico Factory in China Factory in DR Factory in Haiti Shipped by container from Santo Domingo to Miami
OUTLINE • What is Globalization? • Trends in Globalization • Traditional Global Inequalities • Newly Emerging Global Inequalities • Possibilities for Global Social Justice?
What Is Globalization? • Growth of ties/connections; compression of world; reduction of international barriers • Growing irrelevance of geographical distance • Growing Flows across national borders • people, capital, information, goods & services • including greater share of world and leading to increasing integration across spaces • -Timing: • long history of international economic integration that began with the rise of capitalism in 1500s • Early wave peaked in early 20th century: before WWI • Recent wave rising since early 1970s
Dimensions of Globalization • Diffusion • Interdependence • Organization • Culture Concrete Economic Aspects -int’l exchange and flows of goods, services, people, information and capital across nation-states -Exports & Imports -Direct & Portfolio Investment -Migration
Concrete Organizations 1) Global Actors International Monetary Fund (IMF) -goal: monetary cooperation & coordination -job: credit-rating agency BUT lends money with conditions World Bank -goal: poverty reduction, development and reconstruction -job: lend to poor countries BUT debt relief and research 2) Global Institutions World Trade Organization -goal: promote free trade, fair competition, dispute resolution -job: forum for negotiations BUT administers agreements European Union -goal: avoid conflict and enable free movement -job: manage EU BUT growing judiciary and bureaucracy
Trends in Globalization: Trade & FDI 1960-2006 (% World GDP)
Persistent Global Inequalities (Ravallion & Wade Readings): GDP 2005 Billions US Dollars
Newly Emerging Global Inequalities • From Dependency to New International Division of Labor • Historically, poor countries were source of natural resources and agricultural products for rich countries • Natural Resource Trap: drive up currency, volatile boom-bust cycles, corrupt governments • In past 30 years, poor countries have industrialized because of FDI and exports
Triggered Massive Social Changes • Migration to cities in poor countries • Migration to rich countries • Dramatic advances in technology for communication, transportation and travel • Rapid and Uneven Urbanization (Goldman & Longhofer Reading)
Possibilities for Global Social Justice? • Economic Growth? • World composed of rich billion, middle four billion and “bottom billion” • Middle four billion grew 2.5% annually in 1970s, 4% annually in 1980s & 1990s, and 4.5% annually since 2000 • Bottom billion grew only .5% in 1970s, DECLINED .4% in 1980s, and DECLINED .5% in 1990s • Bottom billion was poorer in 2000 than 1970 • Paul Collier “Growth is not a cure-all, but the lack of growth is a kill-all.
350 300 IGOs 250 200 States 150 100 50 0 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 The World Polity (Meyer & Lerner Readings) • Canopy of international governmental organizations (IGOs) and international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) • United Nations, Amnesty International, etc. • Global civil society and superstates have potential to improve world well-being