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Cellular Energy Biology: Exploring Organisms' Energy Sources and Processes

This chapter delves into the fundamental concepts of cellular energy in biology. It covers topics such as thermodynamics, autotrophs vs. heterotrophs, metabolism, and ATP, explaining how organisms obtain and utilize energy. The text discusses photosynthesis, a process through which light energy is converted into chemical energy, as well as cellular respiration, the process through which organisms extract energy from molecules. Various pathways and cycles involved in energy production and storage are explored, shedding light on the intricate mechanisms at play in living organisms' energy utilization.

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Cellular Energy Biology: Exploring Organisms' Energy Sources and Processes

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  1. Science Warm-up 9/6/2011 • What are some ways that you get energy? Is this the same for everyone? What about everything around the world? • Write a paragraph response to this prompt. (minimum of 5 sentences)

  2. Chapter 8: Cellular Energy Biology B Mr. Wood

  3. Section 1: How Organisms Obtain Energy • Thermodynamics • AutotrophsvsHeterotrophs • Metabolism • ATP

  4. What is energy? (p.218) • Energy is the ability to do work. • Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe.

  5. The Laws of Thermodynamics • There are 2 main laws: • 1) Energy can be transformed, but energy cannot be created or destroyed. • 2) Energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy.

  6. Examples: • Recharging a cell phone battery • Buying a new car

  7. How do organisms get energy? (p.219) • 2 different varieties: • Auto-trophs • Hetero-trophs • Self-eater • Other-eater • Both are based on the Sun

  8. Autotroph Heterotroph Other eater • Self Eater

  9. Metabolism (p.220) • Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions in a cell. • Catabolic vs. Anabolic • Breaking down vs Building up

  10. The Metabolism of Ecosystems • There is a cycle of energy in an ecosystem.

  11. ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy • Adenosine triphosphate is the cell’s currency for energy • ATP stores energy, and then releases energy when it is turned into ADP

  12. Section 2: Photosynthesis • Overview • Phase 1: Light Reactions • Phase 2: Dark Reactions

  13. Overview of Photosynthesis (p.222) • Photosynthesis is turning light energy into chemical energy. • Turns sunlight into sugar

  14. Phase One: Light Reactions (p.223) • The first step is to absorb light energy • This process happens in the pigments of the chloroplasts.

  15. Where photosynthesis starts • Why are chloroplasts green?

  16. Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle • This is where energy for the plant is stored for the long term. • Most plants store energy in the form of glucose.

  17. Review of photosynthesis • Sunlight splits a water molecule. • Hydrogen ion is passed through an electron transport. • The CO2 moves through the Calvin Cycle. • Excess energy is stored in glucose.

  18. Alternative Pathways • C4 Pathway • CAM Plants • Commonly found in desert plants. This is more efficient in very high temperatures, drought and CO2 limitations.

  19. Section 3: Cellular Respiration • Organisms obtain energy in a process called cellular respiration. • The equation for cellular respiration is the opposite of the equation for photosynthesis.

  20. Phases of Cellular Respiration • There are 2 main phases of cellular respiration: • Glycolysis • Aerobic respiration

  21. Glycolysis • Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm through the process of glycolysis. • Two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH are formed for each molecule of glucose (2 total) that is broken down.

  22. Glycolysis results in a net gain of 2 ATP molecules. • Most of the energy from the glucose is still contained in the pyruvate. • The series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide is called the Krebs cycle.

  23. Electron Transport • The final step for the glucose molecule. • Point at which ATP is produced • Produces 34 ATP

  24. Aerobic vs Anaerobic • Aerobic- with oxygen • Long distance running • Marathon • Anaerobic- without oxygen • Sprinting • 100 meter dash

  25. Anaerobic respiration • After glycolysis, one of the following 2 processes occurs: • Alcohol fermentation • Wine • Lactic acid fermentation • Muscles

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