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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Who is this? Harry What is he doing? Donating whole blood for a friend who was in an accident. Cardiovascular System: Blood. Outline. Blood: An Overview Function and Composition of Blood Red Blood Cells and Transport of Oxygen

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 • Who is this? • Harry • What is he doing? • Donating whole blood for a friend who was in an accident. Cardiovascular System: Blood

  2. Outline • Blood: An Overview • Function and Composition of Blood • Red Blood Cells and Transport of Oxygen • White Blood Cells and Defense Against Disease • Platelets and Blood Clotting • Blood Typing and Transfusions • Homeostasis

  3. Difference between giving plasma (plasmaphoresis) and giving whole blood?

  4. Functions of Blood • Transport of oxygen, hormones, and waste. • (Blood is the primary transport medium.) • Defense against pathogens (disease, producer). • (Blood defends the body against invasion by pathogens in several ways.) • Regulation of body temperature / prevent blood loss • (Blood has regulatory functions.)

  5. Composition of Blood • Blood is divided into two layers. • Formed Elements. • Red Blood Cells. • White Blood Cells. • Platelets. • Plasma.

  6. Plasma • Water makes up about 92% of plasma, while the remaining 8% consists of various salts and organic molecules. • Three major plasma proteins help to maintain homeostasis. • Albumins (osmotic pressure). • Globulins (defense). • Fibrinogen (clotting).

  7. Red Blood Cells and Transport of Oxygen • Red blood cells (erythrocytes) contain hemoglobin that allows oxygen transport and have no nucleus. • Aliases: Red cells, RBC, RC. • All blood cells are formed from stem cells in the red bone marrow. • Engulfed by macrophages (big, eater) in the liver and spleen after about 120 days. • Releases hemoglobin. (Text figure) • ~ 200 million / RBC! • Insufficient number of red blood cells or hemoglobin leads to anemia. • Hemolysis (blood, to burst) is rupturing of blood cells. • Carbon monoxide (CO)?

  8. White Blood Cells and Defense Against Disease • White Blood Cells (leukocytes) have a nucleus and lack hemoglobin. • Aliases: white cell, WBC, WC. • Fight infection and helpmaintain homeostasis. • Derived from stem cells in red bone marrow: colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) • SCID ? • Leukemia ? • Infectious mononucleosis (EBV) ? • Found in blood, tissue fluid, and lymph.

  9. Types of White Blood Cells • Granular Leukocytes. • Neutrophils (phagocytosis – eater, cell). • Eosinophils. • Basophils. • Agranular Leukocytes. • Monocytes  macrophages (big eaters). • Lymphocytes – two types: B cells  antibodies (Ab) T cells (T helper cell – AIDS).

  10. Platelets and Blood Clotting • Platelets (thrombocytes) result from fragmentation of megakaryocytes. • Platelets clump at the site of a puncture in the skin and usually seal the break. • Hemophilia (blood, loving)? • King’s disease, free bleeders. • Thromo/cyto/penia, Thromboembolism ? • Coagulation (clotting). • At least twelve factors participate in the formulation of a blood clot. • Most common is “factor 8”. • Ca++ is critical to the process. • Extrinsic and intrinsic processes. . . .

  11. Health Focus What to Know When Giving Blood

  12. Blood Typing and Transfusions • Video clip (#40). • In the ABO system, the presence or absence of type A and type Bantigens (Ag) on red blood cells determines a person’s blood type. • Within the plasma are antibodies to the antigens that are not present on the person’s red blood cells.

  13. Rh Blood Groups • Another important antigen is the Rh factor. • Eighty-five percent of US population have Rh antigen on red blood cells and are Rh+. • Rh- individuals (15%) normally do not have antibodies to the Rh factor, but may make them when exposed. • Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) may exist in newborns when mother is Rh- and father is Rh+. • Also called Fetalis erythroblastosis.

  14. Hemolytic Disease

  15. Hemolytic Disease • Problems in subsequent pregnancies can be prevented by giving the mother a drug (RhoGam) at the time of the birth of each Rh+ child. • It is anti-Rh antibodies which destroy any of the child’s blood cells that the mother’s body is exposed to before she has a chance to form antibodies against the Rh factor. . . . • so, it is as if she had never had an Rh+ child before making it safe for subsequent pregnancies.

  16. HISTORICAL FOCUS Making Blood Transfusion Possible: Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943)

  17. Homeostasis • Homeostasis is possible only if the cardiovascular system delivers oxygen and nutrients to, and takes metabolic wastes away from, the tissue fluid surrounding cells. • Cardiovascular system must work with other systems to maintain homeostasis such as ????? • Don’t forget to review the“Human Systems Work Together”

  18. Review • Blood: An Overview • Function and Composition of Blood • Red Blood Cells and Transport of Oxygen • White Blood Cells and Defense Against Disease • Platelets and Blood Clotting • Blood Typing and Transfusions • Homeostasis

  19. Blood Typing

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