跨文化交际 Cross-cultural Communication

1. 跨文化交际Cross-cultural Communication Unit 1 Language and Culture in Communication czl@ahut.edu.cn

2. Unit 1. Language and Culture in Communication Objectives: Distinguish types of communication Understand the basis of communication Design a model for cross-cultural communication Understand a variety of meanings in communication Be aware of ①mutual monitoring process in a social situation② different definitions of a social situation ③situational schema④different values in communication⑤ non-verbal signals in communication Reflect on conditions of effective speaker and listener in communication.

3. Unit 1. Language and Culturein Communication Warm up: Life and Communication Activity 1. Basics of Communication Activity 2. Models of Communication Activity 3. Meanings in Communication Activity 4. Communication in Social Situation Activity 5. Effective Cross-cultural Communication

4. Warm Up: Life and Communication • Communication is life and life is communication. • Communication means life and development.

5. Activity 1. Basics of Communication • Task 1. Discovering the Scope of Communication • Credit= a unit of study, often equivalent to an hour of class time, in a course of higher education; official recognition that a student has satisfactorily completed a course of study • Braille = a writing system for visually impaired or sightless people, consisting of patterns of raised dots that are read by touch • Task 2. Basics of Communication: Essential Elements and 5 Types • 1. human communication • 2. animal communication • 3. human-animal communication • 4. human-machine communication • 5. machine-to-machine communication • Two Kinds of Communication: • 1. direct communication--- two-way contact • 2. indirect Communication --- one-way contact

6. Activity 2. Models of Communication • Model 1:(Information Model) • Source of info→encoder→code→channel→decoder→retrieval of info ↓ *medium (message) *noise • Demerit:This model does not take into accountthe shared knowledgebetween two speakers. It is not a good model for human communication, because human communication involves many more things than the mere transference of information from one source to another. • There are power relations, role relations, age and sex differences, feelings and so on. • Model 2:Mono-cultural language communication(P.16) • (same language + same cultural environment) • Model 3 :Unilateral ccc (P.17) • Model 4: Bilateral cross-cultural (language) communication(18)

7. Activity 3. Meanings in Communication • Task 1. Diagnosing Problems in Cross-cultural Communication • Utterance meaning: What the utterance normally means. • Speaker’s meaning: the meaning the speak has intended to convey by way of utterance meaning. • Hearer’s meaning: the meaning the hearer has understood on the basis of the utterance meaning. • More examples: • 1. A: What’s the time? • B1: It’s 10:20. • B2: The mail has already come. • 2. A: Are you going to John’s birthday party? • B: I’ve heard Mary is going. • 3. Where is father? • 4. You are like a fish.

8. Public Lecture: Meanings in Communication • Task 2. Listening and note-taking(p.24) • Task 3. Listening for Specific Information • Seminar = a meeting of university or college students for study or discussion with an academic supervisor, or the group that participates in it • Handout =a document, such as a press release, an advertisement, or material accompanying a meeting or lecture that is distributed to a group • Dynamic= used to describe any system that changes over time • Conventional meaning is of two kinds. They areconceptual meaning(概念意义) andassociative meaning（联想意义） • In cross-cultural communication, we should be very careful about associative meaning words have. • Question: • What will happen when the hearer’s meaning is different from the speaker’s meaning?

9. Activity 3. Meanings in Communication(continued) • Task 4.Listening for Language Points(P.26) • 1. How the chairman opens the seminar and presents the speaker • 2. How the speaker organizes his lecture • 3. How the speaker highlights his most important message • 4. How the speaker signals his switch from one section to another • 5. How the speaker shows his modesty and protects himself against ignorance • KEY. (P.26) • ★Language interference takes place when I speak a foreign language, my mother tongue affects the way I use it. • Oral English Practice: • Practise opening a lecture and presenting a speaker in class.

10. Activity 4. Communication in Social Situation • ★Asocial situation is created when two or more people gather to do an activity or fulfill a purpose. It has the following essential components: • 1. Two or more participants 2. Definition of the situation and goals 3. Setting 4. Schema （p.32） 5. Verbal communication 6. Non-verbal communication 7. Time and space • Task 1. Mutual Monitoring Process in a Social Situation • Task 2. Different Definitions of a Social Situation • ★A social situation may receive two definitions. One is given by the community(official definition, or official interpretation of the situation, such as a social situation of meeting, a social situation of classroom teaching, etc.), and the other by the participants. • Task 3. Recognising Goals in a Social Situation • A goal is a purpose you want to achieve by doing sth. • Task 4. Being Aware of Situational Schema • Schema(pl. schemata / schemas) = rules and procedures that govern the way things are going to proceed. • Oral English Practice: Dramatise the schema in class. (P.32)

11. Activity 4. Communication in Social Situation • Task 5. Being Aware of Different values (P.33) • Face / Politeness / Value-sensitive / Self-denigration / Other-elevation • Task 6. Non-verbal Signals That Accompany Verbal Communication (P.38) • Task 7. Taking Stock(P.39) • 1. A social situation is formed when two or more people come to each other’s presence. They monitor each other’s behaviour and one person’s behaviour affects the other’s. • 2. A social situation receives two types of definitions. One is given by a community, and the other by participants. • 3. People pursue different goalsin a social situation. • 4. There are rules and proceduresfor social situations and goal attainment. Technically they are called schemata/schemas. • 5. When we say and do things, there are various non-verbal signals attached to them. We should be always careful about them, because they may hurt our partners without our awareness.

12. Activity 5. Effective CCC • Task 1. Review of what we have been doing(P.39) • 1. Our life depends on communication. • 2. There are all sorts of communication (5 types); or it can be divided into direct communication vs. indirect communication, face-to-face communication and distance communication. • 3. Four models of communication: info model, mono-cultural model, unilateral model and bilateral model. • 4. Three kinds of meaning: utterance meaning, speaker’s meaning and hear’s meaning. • 5. All human communication takes place in social situations. • Task 2. How to be a cross-cultural speaker? • 1. The first golden rule: Remove any psychological barriers of nervousness and shyness. • 2. Always watch the bilingual differences in using polite expression. • A polite expression in Chinese does not mean that it is also polite in English. Vice versa. • 3. Do not worry about hesitation, misuse of words, too many pauses, etc. No body, not even a native speaker, is free from these flaws. You can use these meaningless but useful syllables to gain time.

13. Activity 5. Effective CCC • Task 3. A Cross-cultural Hearer: • Careful but NOT intense; Get the message but not every single word. • Watch the speaker for non-verbal clues. • Task 4. Review • 第一单元　语言、文化与交际 • 内容：介绍语言、文化和交际之间的关系，跨文化交流模式，交流中的各种意义等。 • 教学目的：认识到语言和文化是不可分的，对语言的充分理解需要文化意识。 • 学习目标: 通过各种练习了解决定交际质量的基本要素，认识交际双方在交际过程中的交互作用，把握交际场合的定义、程式和价值观等。