Afghanistan 1979

3. Afghanistan 1979 Moscow Olympics and the Liberty Games Location, location, location Carter and the second cold war Carter doctrine PDPA 50, 000 30 Million Mujahedeen Treaty of Friendship and good neighbourliness Jihad Hafizullar Amin

4. New American President • Jimmy Carter 1979 – 1985: THE SECOND COLD WAR In 1977 President Carter of the USA criticised the USSR’s human rights. He said that the USSR had broken the terms of the Helsinki Agreements. The people of the Eastern bloc did not have freedom of speech, religion or movement. In 1979 several things happened all over the world which increased fears by both the USSR and the USA that their enemies were trying to increase their own influence. This was a very bad year in the relations between the Superpowers. The events that happened in this year led to a total collapse in the work towards détente. 1. A new pro- Soviet government set up in Iran. This increased American fears, suspicion and hostility. 2. Guerrillas seized power in Nicaragua with Communist support This increased American fears, suspicion and hostility. 3. Cuba sent armed forces to Africa to help rebels in Angola 4. Both sides increased their weapons. New Soviet weapons were placed in the Eastern bloc NATO replied by announcing that Cruise and Pershing missiles would be placed in Europe. This was a big set back after the SALT talks.

5. Afghanistan and the end of Detente 1) Use the map (source B) to explain why Afghanistan was such an important country for the two Superpowers (America and the Soviet Union) • Background • In August the Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) overthrew the government. • Despite the name of the party the PDPA was in fact a communist party. • The PDPA introduces a number of communist style measures and reforms regarding land, religion and marriage. • This upset the traditional Muslim ruling elite who opposed the regime. They were imprisoned, tortured or murdered for speaking out. 2) Why would the Muslims fear the communists and why would the communists fear the Muslims?

6. 3) What does the seizure of power tell us about the strength of the PDPA? 4) Who were the Mujahideen and what were their ams? 5) What are guerrilla movements?! 6) What is a Jihad? 7) Why would the Soviet Unions involvement be a concern for America? 8) Other than geography why else might the Soviet Leader Brezhnev have been keen to take a tough stance against the Mujahideen? • Background • In 1979 the deputy Prime Minister of the PDPA (Hafizullar Amin) seized power from Muhammed Taraki. • He continued his anti-Muslim policies. • Thousands of Muslims joined the Mujahedeen ( Mudge- a- ha- dean). • The Mujahedeen were a guerrilla movement who claimed to be on a holy mission for Allah to overthrow the PDPA. • The Mujahedeen declared a jihad against the government. • Amin had to rely upon the help from the Soviet Union who sent military equipment and assistance to advice Amin. • The Soviet Union contained around 30 million Muslims. Hafizullar Amin Mujahedeen Brezhnev

7. The invasion of Afghanistan Between December 25th and January 1 1980, 50,000 Soviet troops were sent to Afghanistan. Brezhnev said they did this to protect the 1978 treaty called the Treaty of Friendship and Good Neighbourliness. On 27th December Hafizullar Amin was shot. Amin was replaced by Babrak Kamal. He was completely dependent upon the support of the Soviet Union. Even more Muslims joined the Mujahedeen. 9) How did Brezhnev justify sending his troops to Afghanistan? 10) Briefly describe the key features of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

8. The American response President Carter was already under pressure. Many saw him as a weak leader. He therefore decided to take a tough stance towards the Soviet Union. His tough stance became known as the Carter doctrine. The Carter doctrine stated that America would use military pressure if needed to protect their interests in the Persian Gulf. It would also provide military aid to the countries that bordered Afghanistan. He also created a quick fire military force that could be deployed at a moments notice anywhere in the world. Carter also asked for the SALT II treaty to be delayed from being signed. The USA cancelled all shipments of grain to the Soviet Union. American companies were banned from selling technological equipment to the Soviet Union. Military assistance was also given to the Mujahedeen. America boycotted the 1980 Olympics that were due to be held in Moscow 61 other countries followed them..

9. Consequences of the invasion of Afghanistan. • President Carter introduces the Carter doctrine: • USA to use military force in the Persian gulf if needed. • USA to provide financial aid to all countries that bordered with Afghanistan. • Create a quick- strike military force. • Draft registration of 18-20 year old men. • The CIA (central intelligence agency) to increase there intelligence gathering activities. • Passing of the SALT II treaty was delayed. • The USA stopped shipping grain to the USSR. • US companies were prevented from selling technological equipment such as computers and heavy industry goods such as oil drilling equipment to the Soviet Union. • Assistance was given to the Mujahideen. • The USA and 61 other countries boycotted the Moscow Olympics. • Détente was dead!

11. V Mugahadeen Supported by America PDPA Suppported By Soviet Union