The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

1. The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

2. A Map of the Known World,pre- 1492 Flat World idea is a myth!

3. Motives for European Exploration Crusades and later Ottoman invasion  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. Reformation  refugees & missionaries. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. Technological advances. Fame and fortune.

4. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe(1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

5. New Weapons Technology

6. Prince Henry, the Navigator • School for Navigation, 1419

7. Portuguese Maritime Empire • Exploring the west coast of Africa. • Bartolomeo Dias, 1487. • Vasco da Gama, 1498. • Calicut.

8. Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]

9. Horrible History: Christopher Columbus • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kmwriy3a6sc

10. Columbus’ Four Voyages

11. Realization of a “New World” • “In passed days I wrote very fully to you of my return from new countries, which have been found and explored with the ships, at the cost and by the command of this Most Serene King of Portugal; and it is lawful to call it a new world, because none of these countries were known to our ancestors and all who hear about them they will be entirely new. For the opinion of the ancients was, that the greater part of the world beyond the equinoctial line to the south was not land, but only sea, which they have called the Atlantic; and even if they have affirmed that any continent is there, they have given many reasons for denying it is inhabited. But this opinion is false, and entirely opposed to the truth. My last voyage has proved it, for I have found a continent in that southern part; full of animals and more populous than our Europe, or Asia, or Africa, and even more temperate and pleasant than any other region known to us.” • -Amerigo Vespucci, 1503

12. Other Voyages of Exploration

13. Crash Course, 15th and 16th century mariners • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjEGncridoQ

14. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c

15. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

16. Maya

17. Aztec

18. Inca

19. Horrible Histories: Incas • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDfO6L5_OlQ

20. The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs vs. HernanCortez Montezuma II

21. How was conquest achieved? • Disease • Technology/warfare strategies • Alliances • End of the world predicted and initial friendly welcome. • Accidental conqueror theory: Jared Diamond

22. How was conquest achieved? • Disease: small pox, 2/3 dead • Europeans domesticated and lived among their animals. Chickens: influenza, horses: smallpox

23. Technology

24. Division among the people

25. End of the world predicted

26. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

27. Other Spanish Conquests: The Incas (1533) vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

28. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores OfficialEuropeanColony! Missionaries PermanentSettlers

29. European Empires in the Americas

30. The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

31. Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??

32. Lets play… New World or Old World! • Ready?

33. Tomato: New World or Old World? • New world! Europeans resisted eating them at first for fear that they were poisonous!

34. Pigs: New World or Old World? • Old world! Pigs were first brought to South America in the 16th century, but Brazil now has the world’s third highest pig population!

35. Potato: New World or Old World? • New world! They became one of the most important foods in Europe after their import!

36. Coffee: New World or Old World? • Old World! Originally from Africa, Coffee was not brought to the new world since the 17th century.

37. Sugar Cane: New World or Old World? • Old World! Originally from Asia, sugar was brought to the new world in the 18th century.

38. The “Columbian Exchange”

39. But maybe most important was the potato which fed ½ the people in Europe allowing population to grow and states to stabilize. • However when using Chinese slaves to collect guano off of Peru for fertilizer they brought over the potato blight which causes devastation. Example: Still fewer people in Ireland today than before the famine which struck in 1845.

40. Treasuresfrom the Americas!

41. The Slave Trade • Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. • Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. • Sugar cane & sugar plantations. • First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. • 275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries. • Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

42. Latin Americans had not made good slaves as they were dying from disease and escaping. Also some laws passed from Catholic monarchs that slavery was immoral except in the case of Africans. • Africans had immunities to malaria that had built up over the years of exposure.

43. Father Bartolome de Las Casas New Laws 1542, ignored and led to more African slavery

44. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

45. Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

46. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

47. African CaptivesThrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

48. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

49. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Our Lady of Guadalupe Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission

50. Church was complicit in oppression and conquering lands