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Aerospace Dimensions – Module 2 Aircraft Systems & Airports

Aerospace Dimensions – Module 2 Aircraft Systems & Airports. Aerospace For Cadets. Airplane Systems Combustion Reciprocating Aircraft Engines Jet (Turbine) Engines Controls & Instruments Airports Layout, Signs & Makings FAA Flight Profile Phonetic Alphabet Aeronautical Charts

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Aerospace Dimensions – Module 2 Aircraft Systems & Airports

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  1. Aerospace Dimensions – Module 2Aircraft Systems & Airports Aerospace For Cadets Airplane Systems • Combustion • Reciprocating Aircraft Engines • Jet (Turbine) Engines • Controls & Instruments Airports • Layout, Signs & Makings • FAA • Flight Profile • Phonetic Alphabet Aeronautical Charts • Sectional Charts, Legend, Features • Airport Information • Latitude & Longitude Rev. 0 – Feb 2009 Bruce Bream, LtCol. / CAP Eagle Composite Squadron Ohio Wing Civil Air Patrol

  2. Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems –Introduction • Airplane Systems Learning Outcomes • Reciprocating Aircraft Engine Operation • Recognize Engine Parts • Jet (Turbine) Engine Operation • Cockpit Powerplant Controls • Flight Instruments

  3. Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems –Combustion Combustion Atomize the fuel  Add an oxygen  Then a spark Chemical process  Mechanical energy • Fuel: AvGas or Jet fuel carried in aircraft tanks • Oxidizer: Air (21% oxygen) Fuel to Air Mixture Ratio • Rich = More fuel than air Stoichiometric ratio (STO-kee-oh-met-rik) • Mixture Ratio that uses ALL the Fuel and Oxidizer Mixture changes with altitude to get same mixture ratio • Thinner air has less oxygen content Ignition • Spark plug run by high voltage from a magneto Combustion is just one part of an engine cycle

  4. Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems –Reciprocating Engines Brought to you by INTERNAL Combustion Reciprocating Engine • Engine parts reciprocate • Move back and forth • Combustion chamber • Piston stroke in the cylinder • 4-Stroke Operating Cycle • Intake, Compression, Power, Exhaust • Magneto & Spark plugs • Ignite fuel and air in the cylinder • Air and oil cooled rpm = revolutions per minute Let’s look at some airplane engine parts Animation Credit: http::www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/engopt.html

  5. Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems – Reciprocating Engines Animation Credit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine

  6. Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems –Reciprocating Engines • Carburetor • Mixes fuel and air for a reciprocating engine • Venturi uses the Bernoulli Principle • Drops pressure to mix and vaporize fuel Usually found on the bottom of the engine

  7. Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems –Reciprocating Engines

  8. Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems –Turbine Engines Intake Compression Combustion Exhaust Afterburner Sprays fuel into Exhaust Turbine (Jet) Engine • Continuous Combustion Cycle • Everything rotates around and flows along the centerline shaft

  9. Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems –Turbine Engines • GE-90 Turbofan • - Engine Inlet inspection • - 115,000 lb thrust • - 45:1 compression • - 660 psi to combustor • - Weights 18,260 lbs • - 3,000 lbs/sec air flow • - Fan turns at 2,500 rpm

  10. Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems –Turbine Engines

  11. Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems -Instrumentation Flight Instruments Typical General Aviation Aircraft Instrumentation (pre-glass panel) Engine Instruments Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) Tachometer (rpm) Manifold Pressure

  12. Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems -Instrumentation Gyroscopic Instruments Attitude Indicator (artificial horizon) Spinning gyro rotor provides stable reference in space Heading Indicator (stabilized compass) Turn Coordinator (rate of turn) Also Skid/Slip Ball

  13. Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems –Instrumentation Pitot Tube Ram air pressure Static Port Non-moving air pressure • Pitot/Static System Instruments • Standard Pressure • 29.92” Hg (English) = 1013.2 millibars (Metric) • Pressure drops with altitude • 1 inch per 1000 feet • Instruments use two air probes: Airspeed Indicator (pitot to static) Altimeter (static pressure) Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) (static rate)

  14. Aerospace Dimensions: Airplane Systems –Engine Controls Propeller RPM (Constant pitch propellers) Throttle quadrant Throttle Mixture Ratio

  15. Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Overview • Airports Learning Outcomes • Role of the FAA • Flight Profile • GA Airport Layout • Taxiway & Runway Signs & Markings • Phonetic Alphabet

  16. Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – FAA • Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) • Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) • Regulate air transportation • Standards for Aircraft and Airports • Pilot certification • Air Traffic Control (ATC) • In-flight • Towered Airports

  17. Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Flight Profile • Cruise • Descent • Approach to landing • Takeoff • Climb • Landing • Taxi • Shut down • Preflight • (VFR & IFR) • Taxi

  18. Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Lighting Airport Rotating Beacons Water Airport White / Yellow Public Airport White / Green Heliport White / Green / Yellow Military Airfield White / White / Green

  19. Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Lighting VASI – Visual Approach Slope Indicator PAPI – Precision Approach Path Indicator Approach Flight Path Guidance Lighting

  20. Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Signs Wind Direction Indicators Location Signs Direction & Destination Signs Mandatory Signs Remaining runway In 1,000’s of feet 6 ILS Information Signs UNICOM 122.9

  21. Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Runway & Taxiway Markings N 360° 18 R E 90° W 270° S 180° 36 L 18 L Visual Runway 27 9 Non-Precision Approach A 9-27 A 9-27↑ 18R-36L↑ B • Runway Number • Magnetic Heading • 2 digits • Degrees / 10 Ramp 36 R 36L-18R B Precision Approach

  22. Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Lighting 18 36 Runway Lighting • Runway • Edge • Lights • White in • Red out Taxiway Edge Lights – Blue Centerline In-Runway Lights – White • Runway End • Identification Lights • (REIL) • Strobes • Runway Threshold Lights • Green facing approach • Red facing runway Approach Lighting System (ALS)

  23. Aerospace Dimensions: Airports – Phonetic Alphabet A Alpha (Al fah) B Bravo(Brah voh) C Charlie(Char lee) D Delta(Dell tah) E Echo (Eck-oh) F Foxtrot(Foks trot) G Golf (Golf) H Hotel (Hoh tell) I India (In dee ah) J Juliet (Joo lee ett) K Kilo (Kee loh) L Lima (Lee mah) M Mike (Mike) N November (No vem ber) O Oscar (Oss cah) P Papa (Pah pah) Q Quebec (Keh beck) R Romeo (Row me oh) S Sierra (See air rah) T Tango (Tang go) U Uniform (U nee form) V Victor (Vik tah) W Whiskey (Wiss kee) X X-Ray (Ecksray) Y Yankee (Yang kee) Z Zulu (Zoo loo) • 1 Wun • 2 Too • 3 Tree • 4 Fo-wer • 5 Fife • 6 Six • 7 Seven • 8 Ate • Niner • 0 Zero

  24. Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts –Introduction • Aeronautical Charts Learning Outcomes • Sectional Chart Layout • Chart Legend • Reading Latitude and Longitude • Identify Features • Read Airport Information

  25. Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts – Deg, Min, Sec N 0° • 360 degrees in a circle • 60 minutes in a degree • 60 seconds in a minute Degrees ° Minutes ’ Seconds " E 90° W 270° 60 seconds 1 minute S 180° 60 minutes 1 degree Q: How many seconds in a degree?

  26. Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts – Latitude & Longitude • Parallels of Latitude • Measured from Equator • 0 to 90 degrees North and South 90° N – North Pole 60° N 30° N 0° Equator 30° S 60° S 90° S – South Pole • Meridians of Longitude • Measured from Prime Meridian • 0 to 180 degrees East and West • Converge at poles N 0° Measured in Degrees, Minutes, Seconds 1 degree = 60 minutes 1 minute = 60 seconds 90° W 90° E S

  27. Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts – Map Coordinates 40 degrees 30 minutes North Latitude 40 degrees North Latitude Prime Meridian is 0° Longitude Longitude measured from Prime Meridian 85 degrees West Longitude 84 degrees 30 minutes West Longitude Latitude measured from Equator Equator is 0° Latitude

  28. Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts – Distance & Speed 1 Nautical Mile = 6,076 feet 1 Nautical Mile (nm) = 6076 feet = 1 minute of longitude at the equator 1 Statue Mile (sm) = 5,280 feet 1 Statute Mile = 5,280 feet Conversion factor: 1 nm = 1.15 sm Example: 25 nm = 28.7 sm Sectional chart 1:500,000 inches or 1” = 8 nm Knot = 1 nm per hour (Measures speed) 100 knots = 115 mph

  29. Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts –Sectionals Sectional Aeronautical Charts • Sectional chart scale 1:500,000 inches • 1” on the chart = 8 nm on the ground • Each chart covers 8° of Longitude and 4° of Latitude • Named after a city on the chart

  30. Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts – Legend Navigation Aids Towers Airports Cities Wildlife refuges Water ATC Airspace Railroad

  31. Aerospace Dimensions: Aeronautical Charts –Airport Info NEIL ARMSTRONG – Airport Name (AXV)– ICAO Airport Identifier AWOS-3 128.325 – Automated Weather Observation Service frequency 913 – Elevation in feet Mean Sea Level (MSL) *L – Lighted runway ( * = with some limitations) 55 – Length of longest runway in hundreds of feet 122.8 – Common Traffic Advisory Frequency Rotating Beacon Uncontrolled Airport - MAGENTA Control Tower Airport - BLUE CUYAHOGA CO – Airport Name (CGF) – ICAO Airport Identifier CT - 118.5* – Control Tower Frequency (* means not 24hr) 879 – Elevation in feet MSL *L– Lighted runway ( * = with some limitations) 51– Length of longest runway in hundreds of feet 122.95– Unicom for FBO

  32. Questions?

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