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Objectives. List the key structures of the brain and describe the role of neurons in communication within the brain. Explain the differences between mental health and mental illness and list some effects of mental illness on physical health.
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Objectives List the key structures of the brain and describe the role of neurons in communication within the brain. Explain the differences between mental health and mental illness and list some effects of mental illness on physical health. Name the major mental illnesses and their characteristic symptoms.
Chapter 4 Objectives Discuss some of the factors that may lead to suicide, as well as strategies for prevention. Describe the treatment options available for those with psychological problems. Name the option you will consider if you have a mental health problem, and describe the reasons for your choice.
Men Have bigger brains. Have eyes which are more sensitive to bright light. Retain ability to see well at long distances longer in life. Loses brain tissue more rapidly than women. Women Use more neurons. Hears a broader range of sounds. Hearing remains sharper, longer. Responds more intensely to emotions. Are Men’s and Women’s Brains Different? The Bottom Line Neither gender’s brain is “better”.
The Mentally Well Individual Establishes and maintains close relationships Perceives reality as it is Carries out responsibilities MENTALLY HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL Feels a sense of fulfillment in daily living Values himself/herself Accepts own limitations and possibilities Pursues work that suits talents and training Fig. 4-3, p. 84
What is a Mental Disorder? A behavioral or psychological syndrome associated with distress or disability with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or loss of freedom.
Gender and Depression • Depression is twice as common in females versus males, but male depression is an “under” disease • “underdiscussed”, “underrecognized”, “underdiagnosed”, and “undertreated”. Factors Contributing to Depression Genes, brain chemistry, sex hormones, childhood abuse, chronic stress, divorce, job loss, or career setbacks.
Feeling depressed Loss of interest Eating more or less Having trouble sleeping Feeling slowed down Lack of energy Feeling helpless Difficulty concentrating Difficulty thinking clearly Persistent thoughts of death Withdrawal from others Headaches, digestive problems, aches and pains Major DepressionCharacteristic Symptoms
Depressive DisordersTreatments Psychotherapy Cognitive-behavior therapy Interpersonal therapy Medications Antidepressants Exercise Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Characteristics Mood swings that take individuals from manic states of feeling euphoric and energetic to depressive states of utter despair. Involves mood swings, changes in thinking, changes in behavior, and changes in physical condition. Treatment Mood-stabilizing medications Psychotherapy Bipolar DisorderManic Depression
Definition An anxiety disorder masked by an inordinate fear of an object, a class of objects, or a situation, resulting in extreme avoidance behaviors. Common Phobias Involve animals (dogs, snakes, insects, and mice); sight of blood; claustrophobia, acrophobia; and agoraphobia. Treatment Behavior therapy including systematic desensitization. Anxiety DisordersPhobias
Panic Attack A short episode characterized by physical sensations of lightheadedness, dizziness, hyperventilation, and numbness of extremities, accompanied by an inexplicable terror, usually of a physical disaster such as death. Panic Disorder An anxiety disorder in which the apprehension or experience of recurring panic attacks is so intense that normal functioning is impaired. Anxiety DisordersPanic Attacks and Panic Disorder
Definition An anxiety disorder characterized as chronic distress. Common Symptoms Faster heart rate, sweating, increased blood pressure, muscle aches, intestinal pains, irritability, sleep problems, and difficulty concentrating. Treatment Psychotherapy. Behavioral therapy. Antianxiety drugs. Anxiety DisordersGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Definition An anxiety disorder characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions that impair one’s ability to function and form relationships. Obsession A recurring idea, thought or image. Compulsion Repetitive behavior performed according to certain rules or in a stereotyped fashion Treatment Cognitive therapy Behavioral therapy Medications Anxiety DisordersObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Definition A spectrum of difficulties in controlling motion and sustaining attention, including hyperactivity, impulsivity, and distractibility. Potential Complications Academic difficulties, poor concentration, difficulty making decisions, relationship difficulties, sleep problems, increased risk of depression, anxiety disorders and substance abuse. Treatments Medications Stimulants: Ritalin Nonstimulants: Strattera Psychotherapy Attention DisordersAttention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Suicide Prevention • Encourage your friend to talk. • Don’t offer trite reassurances. • Suggest solutions or alternatives to problems. • Don’t be afraid to ask whether your friend has considered suicide. • Don’t think that people who talk about killing themselves never carry out their threat.
Surviving and Thriving • Accept yourself. • Respect yourself. • Trust yourself. • Love yourself. • Stretch yourself. • Look at challenges as opportunities for personal growth. • Think not only where but also who you want to be a decade from now.
