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Classification

Classification. -Sorting It All Out -The Six Kingdoms. Why Classify?. Classification: the division of organisms into groups based upon similar characteristics Scientists classify organisms to help make sense and order of the many kinds of living things in the world

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Classification

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  1. Classification -Sorting It All Out -The Six Kingdoms

  2. Why Classify? • Classification: the division of organisms into groups based upon similar characteristics • Scientists classify organisms to help make sense and order of the many kinds of living things in the world • Approximately 2 million organisms have been identified and named to date • Estimates suggest that between 5 and 30 million organisms exist • 2/3 of these organisms are insects • 99% of all species identified are smaller than a bumblebee!!

  3. How Do Scientists Classify Organisms? • Before the 1600s, scientists divided organisms into two groups – plants and animals • In the 1700s, a Swedish scientist named Carolus Linnaeus founded modern taxonomy • Taxonomy: science of describing, classifying, and naming living things • Linnaeus tried to classify all living things based on their shape and structure • Described a seven level system of classification still used today – KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIES • “Kings Play Chess On Fine Gold Sets”

  4. Classification Today • Scientists use shared characteristics to hypothesize how closely related living things are • The more shared characteristics organisms have, the more closely related they are • Cladograms: branching diagrams showing the similarities and differences between organisms

  5. Levels of Classification (now use 8 levels with the addition of domain) • Domain (Archae, Bacteria, Eukarya) • Kingdom (Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, • Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia) • Phylum (Division – used for plants) • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species • “Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Gold Sets?”

  6. Domain • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • GenusSpecies Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera leo http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004-lion.jpg

  7. Kidspiration by RiedellSource: see end of show

  8. Kidspiration by RiedellSource: see end of show

  9. Kidspiration by RiedellSource: see end of show

  10. Kidspiration by RiedellSource: see end of show

  11. Kidspiration by RiedellSource: see end of show

  12. Kidspiration by RiedellSource: see end of show

  13. Kidspiration by RiedellSource: see end of show

  14. Do • Kings • Play • Chess • On • Fine • Gold • Sets!

  15. Scientific Names • Always the same for a specific kind of organism no matter how many common names there might be • Binomial Nomenclature: Linnaeus’ system of giving each organism a two-part name consisting of a genus and a species name • Genus name is ALWAYS capitalized • Species name is NEVER capitalized • Scientific name is underlined OR italicized! WHY USE SCIENTIFIC NAMES??

  16. Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names

  17. Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists

  18. Image from: http://www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images/Cougar.jpg Common names can vary Example: ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ . . . are all names for the same animal mountain lion puma catamount cougar By using a _____________________________, scientists can be sure they are discussing the same organism universally accepted scientific name

  19. Common names vary Chipmunk ________ (English) Streifenhornchen (______) Tamia (______) Ardilla listada (______) German Italian Spanish Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm

  20. Dichotomous Keys • An aid that is used to identify organism and that consists of the answers to a series of questions • EXAMPLE: LEAF Dichotomous Key • EXAMPLE: Fish Classification Key • EXAMPLE: Arachnids and Insects Key

  21. Six Kingdoms of Life • Archaebacteria • Organisms: Methanogens, Halophiles, Thermophiles, Cell Type:ProkaryoticMetabolism: Depending on species - oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, sulfur, sulfide may be needed. • Nutrition Acquisition: Depending on species - nutrition intake may by absorption, non-photosynthetic photophosphorylation, or chemosynthesis.Reproduction: Asexual reproduction by binary fission, budding, or fragmentation.

  22. Six Kingdoms of Life Eubacteria Organisms: Bacteria, Cyanobacteria(blue-green algae), ActinobacteriaCell Type:ProkaryoticMetabolism: Depending on species - oxygen may be toxic, tolerated, or needed for metabolism.Nutrition Acquisition: Depending on species - nutrition intake may by absorption, photosynthesis, or chemosynthesis.Reproduction:Asexual reproduction

  23. Six Kingdoms of Life Protista Organisms: Amoeba, green algae, brown algae, diatoms, euglena, slime moldsCell Type:EukaryoticMetabolism: Oxygen is needed for metabolism.Nutrition Acquisition: Depending on species - nutrition intake may be by absorption, photosynthesis, or ingestion.Reproduction: Mostly asexual reproduction. Meiosis occurs in some species.

  24. Six Kingdoms of Life Fungi Organisms: Mushrooms, yeast, moldsCell Type:EukaryoticMetabolism: Oxygen is needed for metabolism.Nutrition Acquisition: AbsorptionReproduction:Asexual or sexual reproduction occur.

  25. Six Kingdoms of Life Plantae Organisms: Mosses, angiosperms (flowering plants), gymnosperms, liverworts, fernsCell Type:EukaryoticMetabolism: Oxygen is needed for metabolism.Nutrition Acquisition: PhotosynthesisReproduction: Some species reproduce asexually by mitosis. Other species exhibit sexual reproduction.

  26. Six Kingdoms of Life Animalia Organisms: Mammals, amphibians, sponges, insects, wormsCellType: EukaryoticMetabolism: Oxygen is needed for metabolism.NutritionAcquisition: IngestionReproduction: Sexual reproduction

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