Learning Recap!

1. Learning Recap! The relationship between the developed and the developing world is a neo-colonial one?

2. Superpower Geographies2. Impacts and influences of Superpowers a) The changes from colonial rule to indirect neo-colonial ruleb) Key roles in international decision making, policy and action c) Control of trade d) Superpower influence in the idea of developing a ‘global culture’ Learning objectives To understand what Inter-governmental Organisations are and what they do To understand the impact of IGOs To assess the role of IGOs in promoting superpowers

3. International Organisations or Intergovernmental Organisations - IGOs • Make key decisions about • World economy • Politics/Conflicts • Environmental issues • Small number of key players on IGOs • Often created by superpowers post war as a way to promote cooperation and reduce conflict • Critics say created by superpowers for superpowers • Some key IGOs include United Nations, NATO & Davos Group Who are likely to be the key players?

4. International Decision Making Key players and groups: The United Nations (UN) - • The UN General Assembly • The Security Council NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) The G8 Davos Group The World Bank The International Monetary Fund (IMF) • For each of these players and groups we must identify: • Function • Directly or indirect involvement or decision making • Members • Impact

5. Power in IGOs • Big overlap in membership of IGOs • USA, EU dominate many – allows IGOs focus to follow their interests • Often have a veto • Lot of mutual support – has effect of a block vote • USA and EU work together to promote or block policies they favour

6. What impacts and influence do superpowers have? Controlling international decision making International decisions UN security council IMF more than 3% votes WTO G8 NATO OECD World bank

7. What impacts and influence do superpowers have? Controlling international decision making International decisions Before we find out what these agencies do – let’s research which agencies the following countries are in/ have control in: Complete the table with a tick or cross. G8 Extension: What other agencies could we include? WTO UN security council World bank OECD IMF NATO

8. 4.2 What impacts and influence do superpowers have? 4.2.2. Controlling international decision making International decisions Before we find out what these agencies do – research which agencies the following countries are in/ have control in: Complete the table with a tick or cross. G8 Extension: What other agencies could we include? WTO UN security council World bank OECD IMF NATO

9. 1. United Nations • Created 1945 • Headquarters in New York • Annual budget $1.8 billion • 16 specialised agencies with headquarters in France, Italy Canada & Switzerland Logo

10. The United Nations • Function is to facilitate international law and security, economic development, social progress and human rights as well as achieve world peace • Founded in 1945 after World War II in replacement of the League of Nations • It has 192 member states.

11. UN Members and Paymasters Greenland & Western Sahara among the few non UN members Who pays most to fund the UN? What impact might that have?

13. UN Agencies Do you know the following UN agencies? FAO UNESCO WHO UNICEF

14. United Nations Secretary General Who am I? What is my job? Ban Ki-moon

15. The Secretary-General of the United Nations (UNSG), is the head of the United Nations Secretariat, one of the principal organs of the United Nations. The Secretary-General also acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader of the United Nations. • The current Secretary-General is Ban Ki-moon of South Korea, who took office on 1 January 2007. His first term expired on 31 December 2011. He was re-elected, unopposed, to a second term on 21 June 2011.

16. The UN General Assembly • The core institution of the UN • Each country represented there by their ambassador • Discuss international issues to try to resolve conflict by political means • The UN’s main function is to prevent the occurrence of major political international conflict, and to an extent it has fulfilled this function, as after WWII there has not been an international conflict of this nature. • Secondly it is meant to protect both nation states and it’s people from tyranny, colonialism and Imperialism • One member one vote • Decisions made by simple majority • Debate issues such as international conflicts, disarmament, human rights, refugee issues etc • Decisions are NOT legally binding but they have the weight of international opinion

17. The United Nations and the UN General Assembly “we the people of the United Nations are determined to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights , in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small.”

18. UK at the UN • Who is the UK ambassador to the UN? Sir Mark Lyall Grant – since November 2009

19. Greece at the UN • Ambassador Anastasis Mitsialis (from 2009)

20. They have a VETO – a right to reject resolutions. To be effective ALL must agree The UN Security Council • Under UN Charter the Security Council has the main responsibility to maintain international peace and security • USA, UK, France, China & Russia – 5 Permanent members of 15 nation council • 10 others rotate on a 2 year cycle • The General Assembly make recommendations but the security council can direct nations to take action • It can apply sanctions • Send countries to The International Court • Send peace keeping troops How can the security council be seen to be a form of political imperialism?

21. The UN Security Council The Security Council has primary responsibility, under the Charter, for the maintenance of international peace and security. Security Council - which met for the first time in 1946 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-11712448

22. Function The functions and powers assigned to the Security Council under the charter are the following: • to maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of the UN; • to investigate any dispute or situation that might lead to international friction and to recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement; • to determine the existence of a threat to the peace or an act of aggression and to recommend what action should be taken; • to call on members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not involving the use of force in order to prevent or stop aggression; • to take military action against an aggressor; and • to formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments.

23. Members The Security Council's five permanent members have the power and influence: China France Russia United Kingdom United States 10 non-permanent member countries. Each member - permanent or otherwise - holds the presidency of the council for a one-month period, on a rotating basis • A State which is a Member of the United Nations but not of the Security Council may participate, without a vote, in its discussions when the Council considers that that country's interests are affected. • Both Members of the United Nations and non-members, if they are parties to a dispute being considered by the Council, are invited to take part, without a vote, in the Council's discussions; the Council sets the conditions for participation by a non-member State.

24. Right of veto • Veto- Each of the permanent members has the right of veto, if one votes against a resolution it can not be passed, but it can be if a permanent member abstains from voting • Regardless of the magnitude of the matter, regardless of how the rest of the world will be adversely affected, if one power opposes a action they can attempt to stop it from happening worldwide.

25. Action-resolutions • DRAFT RESOLUTIONS ARE DRAWN UP BY ONE OR MORE MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL AND CIRCULATED PRIVATELY TO THE OTHERS. • THE DRAFTS CAN BE NEGOTIATED OR CHANGED IN A PROCESS CALLED "CONSULTATIONS". IF AGREED TO BY ALL MEMBERS, THE RESOLUTION IS FORMALLY PROPOSED TO THE COUNCIL. • When a complaint concerning a threat to peace is brought before it, the Council's first action is usually to recommend to the parties to try to reach agreement by peaceful means. • In some cases, the Council itself undertakes investigation • It may set forth principles for a peaceful settlement.

26. Examples • Thailand and Cambodia claim success at UN Security Council talks Feb 15, 2011 • Bangkok/Phnom Penh - Thailand and Cambodia both claimed victory after a United Nations Security Council (UNSC) meeting in New York to discuss their conflict near an 11th-century Hindu temple on their common border. • A statement by the council released after the meeting expressed 'grave concern' at the clashes and called on both sides 'to display maximum restraint.' • The council called for a permanent ceasefire and said both nations should resolve the matter by talking. It gave its support for ongoing efforts by the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) to broker a solution.

27. Where has the UN been involved Involved in several key flashpoints globally; • The Arab-Israeli conflict • Genocide in Rwanda • Brings the case for people to be tried at the ICC.

28. The UN at work

29. 2. NATO • The North Atlantic Treaty Organization

30. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • Military or defense alliance formed in 1949 by 12 countries in Western Europe and North America • Original purpose – to protect its members from a possible attack from the Soviet Union (Containment) • First peacetime alliance in U.S. history • An alliance of nations with shared values. All members are DEMOCRACIES • Has been the most important U.S. alliance for the past (almost) 60 years

31. NATO Treaty – Article 5 • “The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all…” • No NATO member was ever attacked during the Cold War – it never had to use its military forces • The first (and only) time a NATO member was attacked was… • September 11, 2001

32. 28 Member countries

33. The NATO Alliance

34. The Warsaw Pact • 1955 - The Soviet response to the creation of NATO • Consisted of the Soviet Union and its six satellite countries in Eastern Europe • East Germany • Poland • Hungary • Czechoslovakia • Bulgaria • Romania • The Warsaw Pact no longer exists

36. Eastward Expansion • As democracy spread throughout Eastern Europe, NATO is adding new members • 1999 – Three former Warsaw Pact members were admitted into NATO • Poland • Hungary • The Czech Republic • 2002 – Seven former communist states in Eastern Europe added • Estonia • Latvia • Lithuania • Slovenia • Slovakia • Bulgaria

37. 2002 • How do you think Russia feels about this?

38. NATO-Russia Council • NATO-Russia Council • This was a RAPPROACHMENT between NATO and Russia • May 2002 – Both sides signed an agreement • Russia WILL: • Be given a say at the table with the 26 NATO members • Be an “equal partner” in discussions on key topics

39. NATO-Russia Council • Russia WILL NOT: • Be a member of NATO • Be bound by NATO’s defense pact • Have a veto over NATO’s decisions • Have a vote over NATO’s expansion

40. NATO’s essential purpose is to safeguard the freedom and security of its members through political and military means. • POLITICAL - NATO promotes democratic values and encourages consultation and cooperation on defence and security issues to build trust and, in the long run, prevent conflict. • MILITARY - NATO is committed to the peaceful resolution of disputes. If diplomatic efforts fail, it has the military capacity needed to undertake crisis-management operations. These are carried out under Article 5 of the Washington Treaty - NATO’s founding treaty - or under a UN mandate, alone or in cooperation with other countries and international organizations.

41. 3. The G8 The annual G8 leaders summit is attended by eight of the world's most powerful heads of government. The meeting is to bring a range of complex and sometimes inter-related issues to discussion.

42. Members

43. Function and decision making • The G8 come together annually to discuss issues of mutual or global concern. Such issues include health, law enforcement, labour, economic and social development, energy, environment, foreign affairs, justice and interior, terrorism, and trade. • The summit decides on policies for a range of issues for all eight countries. • E.g. in 2010 water sanitation was on the agenda. They pledged support towards meeting Millennium Development Goals. They affirmed a common desire to achieve aid-effectiveness for development in Africa. • They discussed the importance of meeting MDG 4 (reducing child mortality) and MDG 5 (maternal health), but did not indicate water and sanitation as integral to such efforts anywhere in the main Declaration.

44. Decisions on climate change and other issues • One of the main most obvious issue for them to tackle at the moment is climate change. At the most recent G8 summit in Canada the leaders of the Group of Eight industrial nations agreed to a limit on global warming of 2 degrees Celsius. The leaders did not, however, agree to a universal emissions reduction target. • The July 2005 G8 Summit at Gleneagles, Scotland, had been preceded by the decision,  a month earlier, by G8 Ministers to cancel debts owed to the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the African Development Bank by 18 poor, developing countries in Africa which had already satisfied HIPC conditions. The June decisions and those at the Gleneagles summit expanded them, this had been prompted by the strong advocacy for more aid to Africa mounted by the British government's Commission for Africa (CFA).

45. Impacts • Although the G8 is sometimes seen as being omnipotent or the world’s directoire by anti-globalization protestors, it is also criticised for being irrelevant or a moribund entity because it does not have real decision-making capacities. Nonetheless, the G8 can play an important role and the Summit is simply symbolic.

46. 4. The Davos Group or World Economic Forum (WEF) • Swiss based non-profit making foundation • ‘Entrepreneurship in the global public interest’ • Focus business & profit • Invitation only meeting • Who goes? Business CEOs Academics Political Leaders IGO representatives The media

47. The Davos Group • The World Economic Forum (WEF) is a Swiss non-profit foundation, based in Cologny, Geneva, best known for its annual meeting in Davos, a mountain resort in Graubünden, in the eastern Alps region of Switzerland. • The meeting brings together top business leaders, international political leaders, selected intellectuals and journalists to discuss the most pressing issues facing the world, including health and the environment. • Beside meetings, the foundation produces a series of research reports and engages its members in sector specific initiatives. • And they go skiing !!

48. The Davos Group or WEF • WEF is criticised by anti- globalisation campaigners • They say capitalism = inequality • Bono called it ‘fat cats in the snow’ • Has no official status but attracts lots of publicity and Hollywood stars

49. 5. The World Bank The World Bank is a vital source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world. Our mission is to fight poverty with passion and professionalism for lasting results and to help people help themselves and their environment by providing resources, sharing knowledge, building capacity and forging partnerships in the public and private sectors. We are not a bank in the common sense; we are made up of two unique development institutions owned by 187 member countries: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA). Together, we provide low-interest loans, interest-free credits and grants to developing countries for a wide array of purposes that include investments in education, health, public administration, infrastructure, financial and private sector development, agriculture and environmental and natural resource management. The World Bank, established in 1944, is headquartered in Washington, D.C. We have more than 10,000 employees in more than 100 offices worldwide.

50. World Bank: Fact File Formed in 1944 Its role is to be a bank to finance development. Its first loan was to France for post war reconstruction. 1950’s –financing the development of ex colonies. 1970-80’s – financing projects for areas which were environmentally damaged. 1990’s – focus was on debt. Now – aims to achieve the millennium development goals.