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Chapter 5: Skeletal System The Appendicular Skeleton

The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones that support the limbs, including the pectoral girdle, arms, legs, and pelvis. Key components include the clavicle and scapula in the shoulder region, with the humerus, radius, and ulna forming the arm. The wrist and hand contain carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The pelvis features fused coxal bones—ilium, ischium, and pubis—while the lower limb includes the femur, tibia, and fibula. Understanding these structures is essential for appreciating human anatomy and movement.

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Chapter 5: Skeletal System The Appendicular Skeleton

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  1. Chapter 5: Skeletal SystemThe Appendicular Skeleton Shoulder Arm Leg Pelvis

  2. Pectoral Girdle (shoulder) • Clavicle: aka: collarbone • Articulates with the sternum and the scapula • Helps make the shoulder joint and an attachment point for ligaments

  3. Pectoral Girdle (shoulder) • Scapula: aka shoulder blade • Acromion: the end of the spine that forms the shoulder joint • Glenoid Cavity: a “pocket” for the head of the humerus • The shape of the scapula allows for muscles to attach

  4. Arm Bones • Humerus • Head: articulates with the glenoid cavity • Capitulum: rounded knob that articulates with the radius • Trochlea: articulates with the ulna

  5. Ulna and Radius • Ulna: medial side of the forearm • Trochlear Notch: curved area that receives the trochlea of the humerus • Radius: lateral side of the forearm • Head: articulates with the capitulum of the humerus

  6. The Wrist, Hand, Fingers • Bones in each hand: • Carpals: 8 bones • Metacarpals: 5 bones • Phalanges: 14

  7. Pelvis • Coxal Bones: The hipbones that are made of three fused bones • Ilium: superior; • Ischium: inferior and posterior • Pubis: inferior and anterior • Acetabulum: that pocket found where the bone fuse

  8. Dude or Dudette? • Female inlet (superior opening) is larger and more circular • Female bones are lighter and more thin • Female Ilia flare more laterally • Female ischial spines are shorter; outlet (inferior opening) is larger • Female pubic arch is more round as the bones are at a great angle

  9. Nice Legs! • Femur: longest, heaviest, strongest bone in the body • Head: articulates with the acetabulum • Greater and lesser trochanters: muscle attachment points • Medial and Lateral Condyles: articulate with the tibia

  10. Tibia and Fibula • Tibia: shin bone • Bears the weight of the leg • Articulates with the femur,, fibula, and tarsal bones • Fibula: parallel and lateral to the tibia

  11. Knee • Patella: kneecap • Maintains positions of the quadriceps tendon and increase its leverage on the tibia. • Allow the knee to lock for bipedal locomotion.

  12. Foot • Tarsals: ankle bones • 7 bones • Talus: Articulates with the tibia and fibula; has no muscle attachments • Calcaneus: heel bone • Metatarsals: 5 bones • Phalanges: 14 per foot

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