MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILLY:

1. MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILLY: Economic Issues and Application Chapter 4

2. RACE AND FAMILY STRUCTURE • Does Race Impact Households forming a Family • The Answer is YES • It can be seen in your text, Table 4.1

3. WHITE (%) BLACK (%) AMONG ALL WOMEN, AGE 15+ MARRIED, SPOUSE PRESENT NEVER MARRIED 53.6 22.4 29.2 42.0 AMONG ALL WOMEN. AGE 40-44 MARRIED, SPOUSE PRESENT NEVER MARRIED 71.4 8.8 41.0 29.3 AMONG ALL FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN < AGE 18 %TWO PARENTS %FEMALE HOUSE HOLDER 77.0 17.7 42.8 51.2 AMONG ALL CHILDREN %RESIDING WITH TWO PARENTS %RESIDING WITH MOTHER ONLY 74.5 17.9 38.5 48.1 RACE DIFFERENCES IN MARITAL AND FAMILY STATUS, 2002

4. RACE DIFFERENCES IN MARITAL AND FAMILY STATUS • This difference leads to two questions: • When did these differences develop? • Why did they develop? • It is clear from the graph in your text Fig 4.1 that there has been a big difference in the percentage of married women since 1950

5. 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % WHITE BLACK 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2002 PROPORTION OF WOMEN AGE 15 AND OLDER, MARRIED, BY RACE, 1950-2002

6. RACE DIFFERENCES IN MARITAL AND FAMILY STATUS • Clearly in the mid 60s thru perhaps the 1980s • So then the question is WHY? • One possibility is the Rate of Divorce • The graph 4.2 in your text

7. 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % NEVER MARRIED DIVORCED 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2002 CHANGES IN THE MARITAL STATUS OF BLACK WOMEN, 1950-2002

8. RACE DIFFERENCES IN MARITAL AND FAMILY STATUS • Clearly it appears the NEVER MARRIED accounts for more than the Divorced category • Furthermore Female Householders Increased. • Or in other words, number of children raised in two parent household decrease during this same period

9. CHILDREN UNDER AGE 18 IN TWO-PARENT FAMILIES BY RACE, 1960-2002 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % WHITE BLACK 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

10. Is family structure an Economic Issue • Family structure is currently a very heated “social” issue • It has some economic implications in that some structures are likely to have a given economic status • Again from your text table 4.2

11. WHITE BLACK MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME TWO-PARENT FAMILY MOTHER-ONLY FAMILY AS PERCENT OF TWO-PARENT $59,953 $28,371 47.3% $50,741 $20,395 40.2% POVERTY RATE TWO-PARENT FAMILY MOTHER-ONLY FAMILY 7.7% 22.1% 20.8% 38.7% FAMILY INCOME AND POVERTY STATUS OF INDIVIDUALS BY FAMILY STRUCTURE AND RACE, 2000

12. Economic Explanations for the Divergence in the Marital Status of White and Blacks • Marriage Market • Women’s Wage Rates • The Welfare System

13. Marriage Market • In Chapter 3, we saw that there is a surplus of White Males (shortage of white females) and • A surplus of Black and Hispanic females (shortage of Black and Hispanic males) • That comparison however, may not be specific enough to determine the marriage market

14. Marriage Market • Mid 1980s sociologist William Julius Wilson wrote two books that become standard in the literature: The Truly Disadvantage and When Work Disappears.\ • In The Truly Disadvantage he argues that low skilled jobs decreased and consequently the job prospects of many Black Males decreased • Consequently, the marriage prospects of Black females decrease as well

15. Marriage Market • William Julius Wilson developed • the Male Marriageable Pool Index

16. 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 AGE 20-24 BLACK WHITE 68 68 58 63 50 72 51 75 49 83 AGE 25-34 BLACK WHITE 71 86 73 87 63 85 65 93 64 89 MMPIs BY AGE, RACE, AND YEAR

17. REGION AND RACIAL GROUP PERCENTAGE POINT CHANGE IN MMPI (1980-1960) PERCENTAGE POINT CHANGE IN PROPORTION OF FAMILIES HEADED BY WOMEN NORTHEAST BLACK WHITE -11.2 -2.2 24.4 6.2 NORTH CENTRAL BLACK WHITE -12.5 -3.6 26.3 5.8 SOUTH BLACK WHITE -6.1 2.4 15.6 3.9 WEST BLACK WHITE -2.7 -.9 18.0 9.4 THE MMPI AND THE PROPORTION OF FAMILIES HEADED BY WOMEN, 1960-80, BY RACE

18. Women’s Wage Rates • The impact can be: • The closer female/male wage ratio the less the benefits for the female (and even the male) from marriage • Higher the female wages the higher the opportunity cost of marriage • An example of this can be found in the data from Mexico presented below

19. Women Marital StatusIn Mexico

20. Women Marital StatusIn the State of Baja California

21. Women Marital StatusIn the State of San Luis Potosi

22. Not Married Women

23. Married by Type of Marriage

24. Non-Married Status(other than never married)

25. The Welfare System • Welfare system in the US has its broad origins in the Social Security Act of 1935 • At the time, a program labeled ADC (Aid to Dependent Children) • The Program was later changed to AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children)

26. The Welfare System • It was not until the late 1950s that the Federal Government started to reimburse states for participating in AFDC • In the 1960s as part of the War on Poverty the program was expanded and increased the number of individuals eligible

27. The NEW Welfare • In 1994, in part due to the public sentiment that was voiced by the Clinton Administration • TANF (Temporary Assistance Needy Families) substitute AFDC

28. 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % WHITE BLACK 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2002 PROPORTION OF WOMEN AGE 15 AND OLDER, MARRIED, BY RACE, 1950-2002 Note the Increase

29. Marriage and the Earnings of Men • Married men generally earn more income that single man • Even after taking many factors that would be impacting the difference • So it has received the name of: • The Male Marriage Premium

30. Marriage and the Earnings of Men • There may be several reason: • The MPL may be the same but employers pay married man more. This may be possible but not likely in a competitive market • Two other reasons are based on the assumption that MPL (MARRIED) > MPL (SINGLE)

31. Marriage and the Earnings of Men • MARRIAGE PRODUCTIVITY EFFECT. Here the economies of scale at the household level allows men to become more specialized at the work palce • MARRIAGE SELECTIVITY EFFECT. Here the assumption is that holding all other things constant, men that married tend to be more industrious, more responsible, more courteous, etx

32. Marriage and the Earnings of Men • Korenman and Neumark found that about the The Male Marriage Premium was about 11% • With about 6% of the 11% coming from the MARRIAGE PRODUCTIVITY EFFECT and the remained from the MARRIAGE SELECTIVITY EFFECT

33. Divorce • There can be gains and losses • In an economic sense, divorce is the decision of the opportunity cost between remaining married and become single again • Again from your Text Table 4.5

34. CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 3 CURRENT MARITAL OUTPUT M = 6 F = 6 M = 6 F = 6 M = 6 F = 6 EXPECTED SINGLE OUTPUT M = 3 F = 7 M = 5 F = 8 ANALYSIS F BETTER OFF SINGLE, M WORSE OFF. TOTAL OUTPUT LARGER IF MARRIED THAN SINGLE (12 VS 10) BOTH BETTER OFF SINGLE. TOTAL OUTPUT LARGER IF SINGLE THAN MARRIED (12 VS 14) F BETTER OFF SINGLE, M WORSE OFF. TOTAL OUTPUT LARGER IF SINGLE THAN MARRIED (13 VS 12) EXPECTED RESULT M COULD GIVE 2 UNITS OF MARITAL OUTPUT TO F, LEAVING HER WITH 8 AND HIM WITH 4. BOTH ARE NOW BETTER OFF MARRIED THAN SINGLE. THIS MARRIGE CAN BE SAVE! NO REARRENGEMENT OF OUTPUT WITHIN THE MARRIAGE CAN MAKE ONE PARTY BETTER OFF THAN IF SINGLE WITHOUT MAKING OTHER WORSE OFF. THIS MARRIAGE SHOULD AND PROBABLY WILL END. TO MAKEF BETTER OFF IN MARRIAGE , M MUST GIVE MORE THAN 2 UNITS OF MARITAL OUTPUT TO F, LEAVING HIM WITH FEWER THAN 4 UNITS, F IS NOW BETTER OFF, BUT M IS WORSE OFF. THIS MARRIAGE SHOULD AND PROBABLY WILL END. M = 7 F = 7 ILLUSTRATIVE ANALYSIS OF “GAINS TO DIVORCE”

35. (A) (B) % % 0 GO Gains to Marriage 0 GA Gains to Marriage UNCERTANTY, THE GAINS TO MARRIAGE, AND DIVORCE