The Rise of Industrialism

1. The Rise of Industrialism U.S. History

2. The Rise of Industrialism • A change from hand craftsmanship to machine manufacturing. • By 1900, the U.S. produced more industrial goods than any other country in the world.

3. Factors in Industrial Growth • The following are reasons the U.S. was able to industrialize: • 1) Abundant supply of natural resources • Oil, coal, timber, iron • All used to build goods, and power factories

4. Factors in Industrial Growth • 2) Improved transportation methods (the railroad) • Businesses could transport goods from coast to coast. • Farms on the west coast could buy tractors from the east coast.

5. Factors in Industrial Growth • 3) Population shift: more people lived in urban areas instead of rural areas. • most took jobs in factories. • The population shift supplied factories with a large labor supply.

6. Factors in Industrial Growth • 4) Government supported industrial growth by: • Subsidized railroad construction • Maintained a laissez-faire approach • Few taxes • No env. controls

7. Talk to your neighbor: What were the factors of Industrial growth in the U.S.?

8. Spirit of Innovation • Between 1860-1900 676,000 patents granted • Universities became magnets

9. Steel • The “Bessemer Process” made producing steel faster and cost effective. • The skyscraper appeared. • Bridges held greater loads. • Steel railroads could carry steel railcars with heavy goods faster than iron railroads.

11. Electricity Becomes Widespread • Businesses installed electrical elevators (made with steel) • Allowed buildings to be built with multiple floors • Factories installed lighting • Allowed factory to operate 24/7 • Stores installed lighting and heating • Allowed stores to stay open later, and in cold weather

12. The Telegraph • Speech is transmitted • across electrical wires

13. Electricity Becomes Widespread • Elias Howe’s sewing machine allowed increased production in the textile industry • Textile industry used the machines to create mass quantities of “ready to wear” clothing.“

14. Talk to your neighbor:1) Why was steel considered the #1 innovation?2) How did electricity become widespread in the 19th C?

15. Industrial Leaders • John D. Rockefeller • Formed the company Standard Oil • Controlled 90% of the country’s oil • Owned the oil refineries, the pipelines and railroads

16. Industrial Leaders • Andrew Carnegie • Built a steel company • By 1900 his company supplied 1/4 of all steel on the market. • Used his capitol (money) to ensure he had the lowest price, and therefore no one else could compete

17. Extravagant Wealth of Industrial Leaders • Amassed fortunes • Multiple homes worth millions of dollars • Outrageous parties Vanderbilt’s NYC home Vanderbilt’s NC home

18. The Gilded Age • Term coined by • Mark Twain • Gilded = covered thinly w/ gold leaf or paint • Analogy used for American society • Golden on the outside and rotting on the inside

19. The Rise of Trusts • Competing businesses combined to create monstrous firms called trusts. • Examples: • 5,300 independent manufacturers  319 Industrial trusts • 2,400 utilities companies (RR, electricity, water)  127 utility trusts • Same happens in oil, coal, steel, whiskey, sugar, tobacco, banking, farm machinery

20. Trusts Influence Gov’t Affairs • Industrial giants ran for office. • Manipulated gov’t by: • giving lots of $ to political candidates. • bribing lawmakers to de-regulate business, take an anti-union stance, impose high tariffs (taxes) on foreign goods.

21. What do you see? • Who are the men with hats? • Who are the men at the desks? • What is the message of the cartoon?

22. Wealthy Americans Face Criticism • Wide gap between rich and poor. • Material wealth of 1% of population greater than that of other 99% combined. • Few individuals control majority of America’s natural resources, industries and utilities.

23. Industrialists Defend Big Business • Industrialist argued that they deserved their wealth because they took the most risk. • In 1889, Carnegie wrote The Gospel of Wealth, arguing the rich deserved what they had, but they should share it.

24. Impacts of Industrialism: The Middle Class • Rise of the Middle Class • Families who could earn a comfortable living and afford extra consumer goods on top of necessities. • Able to buy property and send children to college • Jobs included managers, technical workers, sales people, industrial skilled workers

25. Impacts of Industrialism: The Average American • Lived in crowded city tenements or employer owned company towns. • Most still used candles to light homes, no indoor plumbing or heating. • Could not afford the consumer goods THEY were producing in factories.

26. Industrial Working Conditions “Become a hand – not a brain, not a soul – deadened into a part of a machine” • Most worked in steel mills, coal mines, garment factories, shipyards or on railroad tracks • 10-12 hours six days a week • Crowded, uncomfortable, dangerous factories • Monotonous work

27. What do you see? -Where is this picture taken? -Describe the people in the picture -How old are they? -What is it like to work in these conditions? -What problems do they face?

28. Discrimination in the Work Force • Women: • entered the public work force. • Paid half of what men were paid. • Child Labor: • 1.75 million children ages 6 -15 worked in mines and factories in the late 1800s. • Most dangerous jobs. • Young bodies suffered from • deformities, asthma, stunted growth.

29. Minority Laborers: • New immigrants and African Americans did the most tedious jobs for the lowest pay. • African-Am competed against other immigrants and accepted lowest wages and toughest schedules. • Business managers pitted ethnic groups against each other.

30. Talk to your neighbor: Industrialization had many positive and negative impacts on American society. How did industrialization negatively impact Americans?

31. Labor Unions Emerge • Work collectively to be able to bargain w/ big business. • 1897: 440,000 union workers • 1904: 2M union workers • Knights of Labor • Accepted women and Af-Am • Wanted an 8 hr work day, income tax, elimination • of child labor, equal pay for men and women • American Federation of Labor (AFL) was a union for • white, male, skilled workers. • Socialist Union groups: Wobblies.

32. Business Response to Labor • Industrialists fought against unions. • Often accused union leaders of being communists or terrorists. • Gov’t supported big business • -with anti-union legislation. • -breaking up strikes.

33. Strikes and Violence • Workers often went on strike, which means they refused to work until their demands were met. • Many times, federal troops were called in to restore order and things turned violent. • Great Railroad Strike • Haymarket Affair

34. Union Victories • Eventually most business were forced to: • -shorten work hours • -compensate for injuries • -stop hiring young children • -provide breaks • -improve health standards in work places

35. Talk to your neighbor: What demands did labor unions make of big business? Why should Americans appreciate the work of labor unions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?