Chapter 10 Europe in the Middle Ages

1. Chapter 10 Europe in the Middle Ages Chapter 10, Sect 1: Peasants, Trade and Cities Objectives : Understand the basic development of the Middle Ages and how it linked the Ancient World to the modern world. Identify developments leading to more advanced ways of farming through the Agricultural Revolution. Describe how trade, and the beginning of money economics offered new opportunities for people.

2. VOCABULARY • Manor • Serfs • Money Economy • Commercial Capitalism • Masterpiece • Lay Investiture • Interdict • Sacraments • Heresy • Inquisition • Relics • Theology • Scholasticism • Vernacular • Black Death • Anti-Semitism • Great Schism • New Monarchies • Taille • Black Death • Anti-Semitism • Great Schism • New Monarchies

3. New Agriculture • Europe’s population dramatically increased in the Middle Ages. • Political Stability • Increased food population • Why did food production go up? • Climate change • New technology • Carruca • Horse drawn plows • Crop rotation • Shift from a two field to three field. • Kept soil from being exhausted and allowed crops to grow faster.

4. The Manorial System • Manors – agricultural estates run by a lord • Worked by peasants and serfs • Serfs • 60% of Western European population • Lords had legal rights • Marriage • Travel • Working off of the manor • When debt was paid, permitted to leave

5. The Revival of Trade • Gradual revival of trade. • Commerce had slowed during the uncertainly of the early Middle Ages • Cities begin to grow; become centers of trade • Venice/Mediterranean • Flanders/Northern Europe • Trade Fairs • Rise of Money Economy • Trading Companies • Banks • Increased interest in commercial capitalism

6. The Growth of Cities • Towns had greatly declined during the early Middle Ages. • Venice and Flanders emerged as major trading centers. • Resettlement by merchants, artisans, craftspeople – centers of commerce. • Bourgeoisie- name given to merchant and artisans in the cities • Many founded as trade and meeting centers outside castle walls. • Government • Most towns tied to land • 1100, power in towns shifting for lord to people; people bought powers from lord • Males who were born in the city; elected Councilmen, judges, and other city lawmakers. • re-emergence of Patricians Class- wealthiest and most powerful families.

7. Life in Medieval Cities • Tight living conditions • Surrounded by stone walls • Narrow streets • Danger of fire • Pollution • Air • Water • Unsanitary • Public Baths • No waste removal • Woman supervised household, prepared meals, raise children, and managed the families finances • Women lead quite independent lives and many became brewer, weavers, and hatmakers

8. Industry and Guilds • Craftspeople organized in guilds • Organizations for individual trades • Guilds regulated the production process • Standards • Prices • Methods of production • Joining procedure • Apprenticeship • Journeyman • Master

9. THIS WILL BE ON THE TEST: Student will read pages 315 to 317 and name the factors that made agricultural explosion possible during the middle ages. Include political, economic, social, geographic, technological factors. Must Include 10 factors.

10. Christianity and Medieval Civilization Objectives : Understand the impact religion played on politics and government. Identify the three main “new” religious groups of the time. Explain the inquisition and everyday life of medieval people Chapter 10: Section 2

11. VOCABULARY • Lay Investiture • Interdict • Sacraments • Heresy • Inquisition • Relics

12. The Papal Monarchy • Church clergy were part of feudal order • Vassals to monarchy • Lay Investiture • Pope Gregory VII - Clergy were under the Pope, not kings • Pope Innocent III - Further reform through strengthening • Catholic Church at the height of its power • Believed the office of Pope was supreme in European affairs. • Used interdict to control monarchs

13. New Religious Orders • Cisterian Order • 1098, first monasteries appeared, spread rapidly • Simple diet, no possessions, plain churches, simple lives • Brought faith to the public • Convents • Many women entered in Medieval Period • Convents were also attractive to artistic and intellectual women • Hildegard of Bingen, composer of Gregorian Chant

14. New Religious Orders (Con’t) • The Franciscans • Francis of Assisi (Italy) • Vows poverty, begging and working for food • Lived in the world, missionaries • The Dominicans • Dominic de Guzman (Spain) • Defend Church against heresy • Church scholars

15. Bell QUIZ: STUDENTS WILL HAVE 10 MINS TO USE THEIR NOTES TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS 1. What did increase population led to ? 2. Name one new technology that arose out of this time period. 3. Explain the crop rotation that manors practiced? 4. How much of the population did serfs make up? 5. What two cities flourished during the trade revival? 6. What three things did a Money economy lead to ? 7. Where did artisans, merchants ,and craftspeople begin to settle? 8. During the 1100, where did power begin to shift in cities? 9. Describe life in medieval cities. 10. What did guilds do?

16. The Inquisition • Court established to deal with heretics • Spanish Inquisition – Torquemada • 1400s, 2000 executions • If a person were tried for heresy, they would be punished until confession. • Execution for those that didn’t. • Attacks on Muslims, Jews, and gypsies.

17. Religion in Everyday Life • Spirituality was very important to the people of the Medieval period. • Participation in church services • Veneration of saints • Original followers of Jesus • Influential Christians who helped others • Relics • Pilgrimage to holy sites

18. Bull Dog Quiz: Students will have 10 mins to Answer the Following Questions • Read Page 314 in your book and answer the following questions. • What qualities make London such a “Happy” place to the author? • Why do you think the Author failed to mention London’s foul air, overcrowding, epidemics, and fires? • Examine the illustration at the top of the page, What features can you find that show London as a growing & busy city?

19. WARM UP • Why do think culture didn’t flourish until the very end of the Middle Ages? • VOCABULARY • Theology • Scholasticism • Vernacular

20. Summarize the intellectual revival that led to the formation of Universities. Analyze how the middle ages new technical innovation led to the building of Gothic Cathedrals. THE CULTURE OF THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES Chapter 10, Section 3

21. Universities • Universitas – Corporation, or guild • Bologna, Italy • Law • University of Paris • Oxford University, England • 1500 – 80 universities in Europe • Liberal Arts curriculum • Grammar - Geometry • Astronomy - Music • Rhetoric - Logic • Arithmetic • Lecture, Oral Examination • Law, Medicine, Theology

22. Scholasticism & Literature • Reconcile faith and reason • Harmonize works of the ancient Greeks with Christian teachings • Studied the works of Aristotle • Thomas Aquinas, “Summa Theologica” • Vernacular literature • Poetry • Chanson de geste • “Song of Roland”

23. Art & Architecture • Art • Religious or Historic • One – dimensional • Tapestry • Illuminated Script • Explosion of building • Churches • Early Christian • Romanesque • Gothic

24. Medieval Art

25. Illuminated Manuscripts

26. Gothic Architecture

27. Gothic Architecture

28. Bull Dog Quiz: Students will have 5 mins to Answer the Following Questions • How many people did the Plague kill? • Name the reasons people believed the Plague spread. • What were the stages of the Plague? • If you were affected with the Plague on average how long would you stay alive? • T/F: Doctors were readily available and effective.

29. Summarize Europe in the fourteenth century, and the challenges of an overwhelming number of disastrous forces. Explain how European rulers reestablished the centralized monarchial governments. The Late Middle Ages Chapter 10, Section 4

31. Instability of the Late Middle Ages • The Decline of the Church • Economic Crisis • War • Political Changes • Plague

32. Monarchs Question the Rule of the Pope • Pope Boniface VIII and King Phillip IV of France had a quarrel over clergy taxation. • After Boniface’s Death, Phillip orchestrates the election of a French pope and moves the papacy to Avignon. • The Great Schism

33. The Avignon Papacy • From 1305-1377, the Popes resided in France in decadence and luxury. • Angered the Romans • Finally, Pope Gregory XI returns to Rome. • After his death, the Cardinals elect a new Italian Pope.

34. The Great Schism • The French clergy did not accept this; they elected their own Pope. • From 1378 – 1417, two Popes sit, one in Avignon, one in Rome. • Council of Constance (1417) – dispose of both sitting popes and elect a new one, who returns to the Vatican. • Church power significantly weakened.

35. The Hundred Years War; 1337-1453 • Edward III of England and Duke of Gascony, was a vassal to French king Phillip VI. • Phillip tries to take back Gascony: war break outs; 1337

36. Major Battles of the HYW • Crecy – 1346 • Close English victory • English longbow • Agincourt – 1415 • Overwhelming English victory • England gains control of Northern France • Orleans -1429 • Joan of Arc • French armies gain control of Orleans • War ends in 1453, French regain all of their territory

37. Political Changes • Re-centralization of power; the “new” monarchies • Re-emergence of France • National taille • England – War of the Roses • Establishment of the Tudor Dynasty • Spain – Ferdinand and Isabella • Religious Intolerance • 1492- Expulsion of the Jews • 1502 – Expulsion of Muslims

38. BLACK DEATH The Bubonic Plague in Europe Objectives: Understand the causes, symptoms, and end of the bubonic plague. Describe the plague in complete detail.

39. What was The Plague? • Black Death –three plagues • Bubonic • Pnuemonic • Septascopic • Appeared in Europe around 1347 • Killed approximately 38 million people • Anyone; rural or urban, rich or poor, men or women, young or old.

40. What Caused the Plague? • Yersinia pestis - bacteria • Carried by fleas • Infected rats carried the disease infected fleas from Asia to Europe via merchant ships

41. What did Plague era people believe caused the plague? • Punishment from God • Foreigners • Bad Air • Alignment of the planets • Non-Christians

42. Stages of the Plague • Fever and pain • Tired and weak; but difficulty sleeping • Body temperature increases • Feeling of giddiness, delirium, dazed expression • Swollen glands in groin, armpit, or neck (buboes)

43. Stages of the Plague • Bleeding under the skin causes blue-black blotches • Red rash with small red spots appears on buboes • Death

44. Stages of the Plague • A person inflicted with Plague may die within 4 to 7 Days of first showing of symptoms • Plague had a 50-70% mortality rate. • If you did survive it, it was by luck.

45. How was the Plague treated? “The swelling should be softened with figs and cooked onions mixed with yeast and butter. When they are open they should be treated with the cure for ulcers. Towards the end of the plague I developed a fever with a swelling in the groin. I was ill near on six weeks. When the swelling had ripened and had been treated in the way I prescribed [cutting open the boils and burning them with a hot iron], I escaped, by God’s good grace.” -Guy de Chauliac, surgeon

46. How was the Plague treated? • Unless you were extremely wealthy and could afford a physician, medical attention was usually unavailable. When it was, it was widely ineffective.

47. The Doctor’s Suit

48. How To Avoid the Plague • Avoid breathing the same air as a plague victim. • Sit next to a blazing hot fire. • Live in a house sheltered from the wind and keep all windows closed. • Live a separate life, eat and drink in moderation, and see no one. • Run away to the country: leave everyone behind.

49. How To Avoid the Plague • Attack foreigners • Eliminate non-believers • Go on a pilgrimage. • Punish yourself: join the flagellants. • Go to church, and ask for forgiveness.

50. How To Avoid the Plague • Remove filth and human excrement from the streets. • Carry flowers. • Avoid eating poultry, waterfowl, pork, old beef, fish, or anything prepared with olive oil. • Do not sleep during the day. • Don’t exercise TOO much. • Don’t walk in the rain!