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APPLYING WCPA/WWF MPA MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES

WORLD PARKS CONGRESS 2003 EVALUATING MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS IN MPAs. APPLYING WCPA/WWF MPA MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES. MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK TANZANIA. JASON RUBENS & SYLVESTER KAZIMOTO. MPA GOALS & OBJECTIVES.

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APPLYING WCPA/WWF MPA MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES

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  1. WORLD PARKS CONGRESS 2003 EVALUATING MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS IN MPAs APPLYING WCPA/WWF MPA MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES MAFIA ISLAND MARINE PARK TANZANIA JASON RUBENS & SYLVESTER KAZIMOTO

  2. MPA GOALS & OBJECTIVES GOAL: to conserve the diversity, abundance and function of all physical and biological resources, in order that they may continue to be enjoyed and productively utilised by present and future generations. OBJECTIVES: 1.   Protect biodiversity and ecosystem processes; 2.   Promote sustainable resource use; 3.   Ensure local residents are involved & share benefits 4.   Develop under-utilised natural resources; 5.   Promote community environmental awareness-raising 6.   Facilitate research and monitoring of resources 7.   Conserve historic monuments & ruins 8. Facilitate development of appropriate tourism.

  3. WHY ASSESS MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS IN MAFIA? 1. Improve performance of the MPA 2. Strengthen MPA monitoring programme • 3. Fulfil accountability to: • Tanzanian Govt • Donors • Local communities • Fee-paying visitors

  4. 1 2 3 Focal species abundance Community understanding of MPA rules & regulations Material style of life of households 3 6 5 Household occupational structure Level of satisfaction of stakeholders with participation Composition & Structure of the community 8 8 11 Local use patterns Amnt community training to participate in management Type & level of fishing effort & fish catch 10 10 12 Available resources & equipment for surveillance Local attitudes & beliefs regarding marine resources Area under reduced human use/ impacts 14 12 Community knowledge of natural history No. patrols per time period /no. infringements per patrol 14 15 Understanding of human impacts on marine resources Regular meeting of MPA staff with stakeholders 15 16 Distribution of scientific knowledge to the community Number of people trained in sustainable resources use 16 17 Number of stakeholders involved in surveillance etc Income distribution by source by household 18 Availability of funding & resources (inc. personnel) N Trend in numbers of paying visitors • MPA OBJECTIVES • 1.   Conserve biodiversity • 2.   Sustainable resource use • 3.   Community participation • 4.   Under-utilised resource • 5.   Raise awareness • 6.   Research & monitoring • 7.   Historic monuments • Facilitate tourism

  5. 3 1 2 Focal species abundance 5 3 6 Composition & Structure of the community 11 8 8 Type & level of fishing effort & fish catch 12 10 10 14 12 No. patrols per time period /no. infringements per patrol 14 15 15 16 16 17 18 Availability of funding & resources (inc. personnel) N • MPA OBJECTIVES • 1.   CONSERVE BIODIVERSITY • 2.   Sustainable resource use • 3.   Community participation • 4.   Under-utilised resources • 5.   Raise awareness • 6.   Research & monitoring • 7.   Historic monuments • Facilitate tourism

  6. 1 2 3 5 6 3 Household occupational structure 8 11 8 Type & level of fishing effort & fish catch Local use patterns 12 10 10 Available resources & equipment for surveillance Area under reduced human use/ impacts 12 14 No. patrols per time period /no. infringements/ patrol/ 15 14 16 15 Number of people trained in sustainable resources use 16 17 Number of stakeholders involved in surveillance etc 18 Availability of funding & resources (inc. personnel) N • MPA OBJECTIVES: • 1.   Conserve biodiversity • 2.  SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE USE • 3.   Community participation • 4.   Under-utilised resources • 5.   Raise awareness • 6.   Research & monitoring • 7.   Historic monuments • Facilitate tourism

  7. 1 2 3 Material style of life of households Community understanding of MPA rules & regulations 5 6 3 Level of satisfaction of stakeholders with participation Household occupational structure 8 8 11 Amnt community training to participate in management Local use patterns 12 10 10 12 14 14 15 Regular meeting of MPA staff with stakeholders 16 15 Number of people trained in sustainable resources use 17 16 Income distribution by source by household Number of stakeholders involved in surveillance etc 18 Availability of funding & resources (inc. personnel) N • MPA OBJECTIVES: • 1.   Conserve biodiversity • 2.   Sustainable resource use • 3. COMMUNITY BENEFITS • 4.   Under-utilised resources • 5.   Raise awareness • 6.   Research & monitoring • 7.   Historic monuments • Facilitate tourism Type & level of fishing effort & fish catch

  8. 1 2 3 5 6 3 Household occupational structure 8 11 8 Local use patterns 12 10 10 12 14 14 15 16 15 Number of people trained in sustainable resources use 17 16 Income distribution by source by household 18 Availability of funding & resources (inc. personnel) N • MPA OBJECTIVES: • 1.   Conserve biodiversity • 2.   Sustainable resource use • 3.   Community participation • 4.   UNDER-UTILISED RESOURCES • 5.   Raise awareness • 6.   Research & monitoring • 7.   Historic monuments • Facilitate tourism Type & level of fishing effort & fish catch

  9. 1 3 2 Community understanding of MPA rules & regulations 3 5 6 8 11 8 10 12 10 Local attitudes & beliefs regarding marine resources 14 12 Community knowledge of natural history 14 15 Understanding of human impacts on marine resources 16 15 Distribution of scientific knowledge to the community 16 17 18 Availability of funding & resources (inc. personnel) N • MPA OBJECTIVES: • 1.   Conserve biodiversity • 2.   Sustainable resource use • 3.   Community participation • 4.   Under-utilised resources • 5.   RAISE AWARENESS • 6.   Research & monitoring • 7.   Historic monuments • Facilitate tourism

  10. 1 2 3 Focal species abundance Community understanding of MPA rules & regulations Material style of life of households 3 6 5 Household occupational structure Level of satisfaction of stakeholders with participation Composition & Structure of the community 8 8 11 Local use patterns Amnt community training to participate in management Type & level of fishing effort & fish catch 10 10 12 Available resources & equipment for surveillance Local attitudes & beliefs regarding marine resources Area under reduced human use/ impacts 14 12 Community knowledge of natural history No. patrols per time period /no. infringements/ patrol/ 14 15 Understanding of human impacts on marine resources Regular meeting of MPA staff with stakeholders 15 16 Distribution of scientific knowledge to the community Number of people trained in sustainable resources use 16 17 Number of stakeholders involved in surveillance etc Income distribution by source by household 18 Availability of funding & resources (inc. personnel) N Trend in numbers of paying visitors • MPA OBJECTIVES: • 1.   Conserve biodiversity • 2.   Sustainable resource use • 3.   Community participation • 4.   Under-utilised resources • 5.   Raise awareness • 6.RESEARCH & MONITORING • 7.Historic monuments • Facilitate tourism

  11. 1 3 2 3 5 6 8 11 8 12 10 10 14 12 15 14 16 15 16 17 18 N • MPA OBJECTIVES: • 1.   Conserve biodiversity • 2.   Sustainable resource use • 3.   Community participation • 4.   Under-utilised resources • 5.   Raise awareness • 6.   Research & monitoring • 7.  HISTORIC MONUMENTS • Facilitate tourism

  12. 1 3 2 3 5 6 8 11 8 12 10 10 14 12 15 14 16 15 16 17 18 N • MPA OBJECTIVES: • 1.   Conserve biodiversity • 2.   Sustainable resource use • 3.   Community participation • 4.   Under-utilised resources • 5.   Raise awareness • 6.   Research & monitoring • 7.   Historic monuments • FACILITATE TOURISM Trend in numbers of paying visitors

  13. Personnel No. Effort (man/days) MPA managers 2 150 Professional researchers 6 150 Technicians (MPA / non-MPA) 17 832 Volunteers 0 - Village officers (paid) 15 637 MPA support staff 5 225 Local dive Instructors 2 15 mins /day PERSONNEL EFFORT

  14. Main Outputs • Benthic survey report • Reef fish report • Mangrove inventory • (Turtle status report) • (Dugong status report) • Household economics status • Community knowledge, understanding & attitudes • Fish catch data report • Fishing gear census • Fisheries activity in demarcated zone • MIMP - community interactions • Patrolling & enforcement report • Community training assessment • Resources & visitor numbers

  15. Main Outputs • Benthic survey report • Reef fish report • Mangrove inventory • (Turtle status report) • (Dugong status report) • Household economics status • Community knowledge, understanding & attitudes • Fish catch data report • Fishing gear census • Fisheries activity in demarcated zone • MIMP - community interactions • Patrolling & enforcement report • Community training assessment • Resources & visitor numbers

  16. Main Outputs • Benthic survey report • Reef fish report • Mangrove inventory • (Turtle status report) • (Dugong status report) • Household economics status • Community knowledge, understanding & attitudes • Fish catch data report • Fishing gear census • Fisheries activity in demarcated zone • MIMP - community interactions • Patrolling & enforcement report • Community training assessment • Resources & visitor numbers

  17. Main Outputs • Benthic survey report • Reef fish report • Mangrove inventory • (Turtle status report) • (Dugong status report) • Household economics status report • Community knowledge, understanding & attitudes • Fish catch data report • Fishing gear census • Fisheries activity in demarcated zone • MIMP - community interactions • Patrolling & enforcement report • Community training assessment • Resources & visitor numbers

  18. Main Outputs • Benthic survey report • Reef fish report • Mangrove inventory • (Turtle status report) • (Dugong status report) • Household economics status • Community knowledge, understanding & attitudes • Fish catch data report • Fishing gear census • Fisheries activity in demarcated zone • MIMP - community interactions • Patrolling & enforcement report • Community training assessment • Resources & visitor numbers

  19. Main Outputs • Benthic survey report • Reef fish report • Mangrove inventory • (Turtle status report) • (Dugong status report) • Household economics status • Community knowledge, understanding & attitudes • Fish catch data report • Fishing gear census • Fisheries activity in demarcated zone • MIMP - community interactions • Patrolling & enforcement report • Community training assessment • Resources & visitor numbers

  20. Main Outputs • Benthic survey report • Reef fish report • Mangrove inventory • (Turtle status report) • (Dugong status report) • Household economics status • Community knowledge, understanding & attitudes • Fish catch data report • Fishing gear census • Fisheries activity in demarcated zone • MIMP - community interactions • Patrolling & enforcement report • Community training assessment • Resources & visitor numbers

  21. Major Challenges & Lessons Learned Many ‘focal species’ are not good measures of management effectiveness Species that range outside of the MPA (turtles, sharks). Species with low natural abundance require very high sampling effort Species prone to impacts beyond control of MPA management (corals)

  22. Major Challenges & Lessons Learned Tropical marine communities have very high spatial and temporal variability Essential to measure sensitivity of sampling techniques. For representative sampling, be prepared to do a lot of replicates • benthic survey • fish communities • mangroves • socio-economic studies

  23. Major Challenges & Lessons Learned Hiring external researchers costs a lot Develop local / internal capacity in sampling techniques • Park rangers and locals can do: • benthic transects • fish transects • mangrove plots • etc

  24. Major Challenges & Lessons Learned Many things can’t be measured episodically Important that MPA staff routinely maintain disciplined & accurate reporting / record-keeping • eg: • Patrol reports • Reports of village meetings • Training reports • Daily interaction records • etc.

  25. Major Challenges & Lessons Learned It took a lot of time to co-ordinate + indicator monitoring is continuous. The MPA needs a permanent, dedicated monitoring officer • Preferably MSc level • Problem of multi-sectoral skills needed • Officer now recruited for Mafia

  26. APPLYING RESULTS Data on state / trends of MPA goals Analysis of MPA management processes Adaptive management review Use results to start refining quantitative targets defining what constitutes success for given objectives. Complementary guidelines / case studies on innovative solutions to management problems etc. ?

  27. WAS IT WORTH IT? ME assessment was extremely worthwhile Quantifying ‘state of play’ is highly valuable even when broad trends already recognised (Communities, MPA staff, Govt, donors) Especially human dimensions of MPA (participation, understanding, livelihoods)

  28. THANKS TO: WCPA/ WWF MEI Core Team (Lani, John, Miguel, Gonzalo, Bob, Bud, Simon et al) IUCN WWF Colleagues at Mafia Island Marine Park

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