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Chapter 14

Chapter 14. Simulation and Other Applications. Chapter Goals. Define simulation Give examples of complex systems Distinguish between continuous and discrete event simulation Explain how object-oriented design principles can be used in building models. Chapter Goals.

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Chapter 14

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  1. Chapter 14 Simulation and Other Applications

  2. Chapter Goals • Define simulation • Give examples of complex systems • Distinguish between continuous and discrete event simulation • Explain how object-oriented design principles can be used in building models

  3. Chapter Goals • Name and discuss the four parts of a queuing system • Explain the complexity of weather and seismic models • Explain the concept of embedded systems and give examples from your own home • Distinguish between two-dimensional and three-dimensional CAD systems

  4. What Is Simulation? • Simulation A model of a complex system and the experimental manipulation of the model to observe the results Systems that are best suited to being simulated are dynamic, interactive, and complicated • Model An abstraction of a real system It is a representation of the objects within the system and the rules that govern the interactions of the objects

  5. Constructing Models • Continuous simulation • Treats time as continuous and expresses changes in terms of a set of differential equations that reflect the relationships among the set of characteristics • Meteorological models falls into this category

  6. Constructing Models • Discrete event simulation • Made up of entities, attributes, and events • Entity The representation of some object in the real system that must be explicitly defined • Attribute Some characteristic of a particular entity • Event An interaction between entities

  7. Queuing Systems • Queuing system A discrete-event model that uses random numbers to represent the arrival and duration of events • The system is made up of servers and queues of objects to be served • The objective is to utilize the servers as fully as possible while keeping the wait time within a reasonable limit

  8. Queuing Systems • To construct a queuing model, we must know the following four things • The number of events and how they affect the system in order to determine the rules of entity interaction • The number of servers • The distribution of arrival times in order to determine if an entity enters the system • The expected service time in order to determine the duration of an event

  9. Meteorological Models • Meteorological models are based on the time-dependent partial differential equations of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics • Initial values for the variables are entered from observation, and the equations are solved to define the values of the variables at some later time

  10. Meteorological Models • Computer models are designed to aid the weathercaster, not replace him or her • The outputs from the computer models are predictions of the values of variables in the future • It is up to the weathercaster to determine what the values mean

  11. Hurricane Tracking • The modules for hurricane tracking are called relocatable models, because they are applied to a moving target • The Geophysical and Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) developed the most recent hurricane model in order to improve the prediction of where a hurricane would make landfall

  12. Hurricane Tracking Figure 14.2 Improvements in hurricane models

  13. Graphics and Computer-Aided Design (CAD) • Graphics is the language of communications for engineers, designers, and architects • Computer-aided design (CAD) A system that uses computers with advanced graphics hardware and software to create precision drawings or technical illustrations

  14. Graphics and Computer-Aided Design (CAD) • CAD systems can be broadly classified as two-dimensional (2-D) CAD and three-dimensional (3-D) CAD • There are three methods of modeling in three dimensions • Wireframe modeling • Surface modeling • Solid modeling

  15. Graphics and Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Figure 14.3 Geometric modeling techniques

  16. Embedded Systems • Embedded systems are computers that are dedicated to perform a narrow range of functions as part of a larger system • Typically, an embedded system is housed on a single microprocessor chip with the programs stored in ROM • Virtually all appliances that have a digital interface—watches, microwaves, VCRs, cars—utilize embedded systems • In fact, the term embedded system is nebulous because it encompasses about everything except desktop PCs

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