Chapter 13: Tropical Africa and Asia

1. Chapter 13: Tropical Africa and Asia

2. Warm Up Chapter 12 • What Mongol empire was in Russia? • What Mongol empire was in modern day Iran? • Where does the Ming dynasty first establish their capital? Why? • Who was Zeng He? Impact? • Kublai Khan established what empire? • 2 achievements of Yi dynasty: • Why are the Europeans closed off from China? • Name 2 Ming achievements: • Shoguns vs. Samurai:

3. I. Tropical Lands and Peoples • A. The Tropical Environment • Afro-Asian tropics cycle of rainy and dry seasons • Different environments: coastal West Africa, arid southwest Africa, Sahara, rivers and valleys • B. Water Systems and Irrigation • Slash and burn agriculture: farmers abandon their fields every few years and cleared new areas by cutting and burning vegetation • Construction of dams, canals, and reservoirs • In India these water projects helped but were always vulnerable to natural disasters like monsoons

4. C. Mineral Resources • Iron, copper, and gold: • Iron was used for tools, weapons, and needles • Copper was used for wire and decorations • Gold was abundant in Africa and had many purposes • Metalworking and food producing systems produce surplus creating profit • Elite class comes because of work of ordinary people

5. II. New Islamic Empires • A. Mali in Western Sudan • Islam was spread through Africa by commercial contact and trading • 1240 the Mali kingdom arises prospering through trade in Africa and control of gold mines • Mansa Kankan Musa (1312-1337) made a pilgrimage to Mecca and established mosques and Quranic schools

6. Much of the wealth of the empire came from the taxation of the gold-salt trade • Mali kept order along the trade routes by using a large army • Converted to Islam and their famous ruler Mansa Musa made a pilgrimage to Mecca • Brought Mali to the attention of the Europeans • Exports: gold and salt • Famous trading city of Timbuktu • Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca

11. Musa made his pilgrimage in 1324, his procession reported to include 60,000 men, 12,000 slaves, heralds dressed in silks who bore gold staffs, organized horses and handled bags. Musa provided all necessities for the procession, feeding the entire company of men and animals.[7] Also in the train were 80 camels, which varying reports claim carried between 50 and 300 pounds of gold dust each. Musa not only gave to the cities he passed on the way to Mecca, including Cairo and Medina, but also traded gold for souvenirs. Furthermore, it has been recorded that he built a mosque each and every Friday. • Musa's journey was documented by several eyewitnesses along his route, who were in awe of his wealth and extensive procession, and records exist in a variety of sources, including journals, oral accounts and histories. Musa is known to have visited with the Mamluk sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad of Egypt in July of 1324.[8] • Musa's generous actions, however, inadvertently devastated the economy of the region. In the cities of Cairo, Medina and Mecca, the sudden influx of gold devalued the metal for the next decade. Prices on goods and wares super inflated in an attempt to adjust to the newfound wealth that was spreading throughout local populations. To rectify the gold market, Musa borrowed all the gold he could carry from money-lenders in Cairo, at high interest. This is the only time recorded in history that one man directly controlled the price of gold in the Mediterranean.[9]

12. IbnBattuta: • Voyages of Muhammad ibnBattuta was to explore the Islamic world • Traveled through Central Asia, Spain, and Southeast Africa • His journeys gave valuable information about geography and people of Africa • IbnBattuta traveled through East Africa in merchant ships and through West Africa through caravans

15. He travelled more than 75,000 miles (121,000 km), a figure unsurpassed by any individual traveller until the coming of the Steam Age some 450 years later.[1] • I left Tangier, my birthplace, on Thursday, 2nd Rajab 725 [June 14, 1325], being at that time twenty-two years of age [22 lunar years; 21 and 4 months by solar reckoning], with the intention of making the Pilgrimage to the Holy House [at Mecca] and the Tomb of the Prophet [at Medina]. • I set out alone, finding no companion to cheer the way with friendly intercourse, and no party of travellers with whom to associate myself. Swayed by an overmastering impulse within me, and a long-cherished desire to visit those glorious sanctuaries, I resolved to quit all my friends and tear myself away from my home. As my parents were still alive, it weighed grievously upon me to part from them, and both they and I were afflicted with sorrow.

18. B. Delhi in India • Between 1206-1236 Muslims invaded India and established Delhi as their Muslim capital • Conquered by using strong crossbows on horseback • Muslim rulers then came and peacefully ruled India however there was always tension (schism) between Hindu and Muslim in India • “The city of Delhi and its vicinity was freed from idols and idol worship, and in the sanctuaries of the images of the Hindu Gods, mosques were raised by the worshippers of one God.” • 1398 Timur sacked Delhi

19. Delhi • Sultanate Raziya was a great ruler and monarch • She instilled religious tolerance toward Hindus in India • She was one of the few sultanates to rule not by terror • Quote on page 364 thoughts… • Most Delhi Sultans ruled by terror and were a burden to their people

20. III. Indian Ocean Trade • A. Monsoon Mariners • Indian Ocean trade increased between 1200 and 1500 • Faster and can carry more • Chinese and southeast Asian Junks could carry up to 1000 tons of goods • Indian dhows carried along the East African coast and could carry 400 tons of goods • People had to move to sea trade because the land trade to the Asian countries was cut off by the Ottoman Empire

23. B. Africa: Swahili Coast and Zimbabwe • 40 cities on the African coast participated in trade • Swahili coast of Africa exported gold in the capital of Great Zimbabwe • Economy of Great Zimbabwe was agriculture and trade

24. Exporters of Gold made money however it opened the door to European greed seeing how much gold is really in Africa • Great Zimbabwe falls because of deforestation and overgrazing

25. C. India: Gujarat and the Malabar Coast • Red Sea exported wheat • Muslims controlled trade along Red Sea • India (Gujarat) traded cotton textiles, leather goods, carpet, spices, and silk • Dominated by the Muslims • Southeast Asian traded was dominated by Chinese pirates and the Ming dynasty conquered the pirates • Muslim leader of Malacca made it a great trading port • Muslims dominate the Strait of Malacca

27. IV. Social and Cultural Change • A. Architecture, Religion • Ethiopian churches/mosques are carved from solid rock pg. 373 • In the Indian city of Ahmadabad Hindu-Muslim mosques were erected in 1423. • Islam brought education to Africa and Arabic literacy • Islam brought Greek science, math, and medicine to Africa and India

31. The southern half of Africa developed states more slowly and most of the people lived in stateless societies until the 11th century CE • Stateless society is a group of independent villages organized by clans and led by a local ruler or clan head • B. Gender and Hierarchy • Gap between commoners and elite widened because of the Indian Ocean trade • Slavery increased in Africa and India. Between 1200 and 1500 estimated 2.5 million slaves traded • Slaves were skill specific (copper mining, household, military, entertainers) • Indian women had arranged marriages • Status was dependent upon their husbands status

32. WRITING PROMPT ½ page explaining the difference in transfusion of Islam in India and Africa