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Hidden Disabilities School Experiences and Offending: Incidence and Associations Dr John Rack Dyslexia Action jrackdysl

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Hidden Disabilities School Experiences and Offending: Incidence and Associations Dr John Rack Dyslexia Action jrackdysl

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    1. Hidden Disabilities School Experiences and Offending: Incidence and Associations Dr John Rack Dyslexia Action jrack@dyslexiaaction.org.uk

    2. Tony Age 22

    3. Poor Literacy Skills What contributes? Social and cultural factors Quality of Education Individual Learner characteristics Hidden Disabilities What can be done?

    4. Steps forward Individual at the heart of learning and training How many individuals have Hidden Disabilities? Dyslexia Institute Study commissioned by Learning and Skills Council

    5. Identification of Hidden Disabilities? Questionnaire 357 Offenders 45 Minutes Diagnostic Assessment 93 Offenders 2 hours A Functional Approach Methods developed for a project with JobCentre Plus

    6. Hidden Disabilities Questionnaire Do you find filling in forms (e.g. job applications) difficult and confusing? Do you sometimes know what you want to say but cannot find the words to say what you mean? Do you get bored easily and like to flick between different activities? Spelling, writing, spatial skills Word retrieval Concentration and Attention

    7. Hidden Disabilities Questionnaire Do you seem to bump into things or knock things over more than other people? Do you find it difficult to work out how much several things will cost when you are shopping? In a social situation do others often get the point of a joke before you do? Spatial awareness, motor co-ordination Working memory, arithmetic skills Speed, Social use of language

    10. Previous Estimates of Hidden Disabilities in the Prison Population Dyslexia 4% to 80% ADHD 80%

    11. Yorkshire and Humberside Prison Study Random sample from all categories of prison Interviewed 357 prisoners Assessed 93 prisoners

    12. Distribution of HDQ Indicators

    14. Diagnostic Tests Phonological Skills What is coat without the c sound Spoonerisms Repetition of unfamiliar words Short Term Memory Digit Span Visual Motor Co-ordination Coding

    15. Anthony Age 22 Left school at the age of 14. No formal qualifications. Had Statement of Special Educational Needs Received 1 to 1 support for reading at school Played truant at school for weeks at a time Lived with mum for longest while growing up Lived with partner when committed offence. Family history of problems with reading.

    16. Findings 50% of Prison Population have literacy skills below functional levels 20% of Prison Population have Hidden Disabilities impacting on literacy skills Three to four times the incidence in the general population

    17. Study Differences Dyslexia Over-identified Screening Checklists Equated with poor literacy Under-identified Those with below average IQ are excluded

    18. Hidden Disabilities Specific Literacy Difficulties and Positive Indicators of Dyslexia 9% Dyspraxia 2% Positive Indicators and additional difficulties on Cognitive and Language Tasks 9% Hidden Disabilities of all kinds 20%

    19. Overlap of INDICATORS

    20. Exclusions and HDQ

    21. Dyslexic Non-dyslexic Differences?

    22. Attitude To school

    24. Offenders with Hidden Disabilities Twice failed by the system Often not recognised at school Limited support for training and resettlement Big problem: expectation that one system works for all

    25. Positive Identification Dyslexia can be identified, positively, in populations where other social and cultural explanations for poor literacy might be thought of first

    26. Double disadvantage Hidden Disabilities such as Dyslexia do not lead to offending behaviour directly It appears to be those with Hidden Disabilities who lack other cognitive and cultural resources who are more likely to be over-represented in the prison population.

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