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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. Minerals. Potash. Liroconite. Gold. Sphalerite. Section 4.1. Define a mineral. Describe how minerals form. Identify the most common elements in Earth’s crust. What is a mineral? . There are at least 3,000 known minerals in Earth’s crust . . Earth’s Crust. Potash.

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 Minerals

  2. Potash Liroconite Gold Sphalerite Section 4.1 Define a mineral. Describe how minerals form. Identify the most common elements in Earth’s crust. What is a mineral?

  3. There are at least 3,000 known minerals in Earth’s crust. Earth’s Crust

  4. Potash Liroconite Gold (Native Element) Sphalerite Define • A Mineral – (characteristics)is • naturally occurring • inorganic solid • has a crystal structure • definite chemical composition. a mineral.

  5. Diamond Salt Solid Minerals always exist in a solid form.

  6. Potash Liroconite Gold Sphalerite Composition Although a few minerals are composed of single elements, most are made from compounds.

  7. Quartz 100% Mg Forsterite 100% Fe Fayalite Olivine Composition(continued) Quartz’s chemical ratio (recipe) is always: SiO2 Composition may vary slightly within a well-defined range. The recipe is still the same. Olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 Solids with a specific chemical composition

  8. Magma Magma - Molten material found beneath Earth’s crust

  9. Minerals formation Minerals can form when differences in density force magma upward into cooler layers of Earth’s interior.

  10. Minerals form from cooled magma and from elements in solutions. Minerals from solution

  11. Mineral crystals may begin to precipitate out of a solution that has become saturated. Minerals from solution (Continued)

  12. The most abundant elements in Earth’s crust are oxygen and silicon . Most abundant elements

  13. The most common minerals, feldspar and quartz, are silicates. Most common minerals XAl(1-2) Si(3-2) O8 (SiO4) tetrahedron X may = Sodium, potassium, calcium

  14. Silicate - Mineral that contains silicon and oxygen Silicates (SiO4) tetrahedron

  15. 4.1 – What is a Mineral? Quiz

  16. Potash Liroconite Gold Sphalerite Section 4.2 Classify minerals according to their physical and chemical properties. Identify different types of minerals. Discuss how minerals are used. Identifying minerals

  17. Potash Liroconite Gold Sphalerite Identifying minerals Minerals can be identified based on their physical and chemical properties.

  18. Gold Color Color is not a reliable test because a lot of minerals have the same color and can be mistaken for one another. Pyrite and gold, for example, cannot be distinguished by color alone. Pyrite

  19. Luster The way the mineral reflects light (metallic or non-metallic) Silver, gold, and copper have shiny surfaces and thus are said to have metallic luster. Silver Copper Gold

  20. Streak is the color of a mineral when it is broken up and powdered.

  21. Luster & StreakBoth are tests used to identify a mineral. Luster is the way a mineral reflects light from its surface Streak is the color of a mineral when it is broken up and powdered.

  22. Texture is how the mineral feels to the touch. • Smooth • Rough • Ragged • Greasy • Soapy • Glassy

  23. Cleavage & FractureBoth describe how minerals split due to their atomic arrangements. Minerals with cleavage split easily and evenly along one or more planes. Minerals with fracture break unevenly along jagged edges. Property of breaking with rough or jagged edges.

  24. Hardness Measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched.

  25. Specific Gravity Ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of water

  26. Light refraction  calcite Special Properties Reacts with acid  calcite Magnetism  Magnetite

  27. Most reliable way to identify a mineral The most reliable way to identify a mineral is by using a combination of several tests. Specific Gravity Streak

  28. Ores Mineral that contains a useful substance that can be mined for profit Gold Aluminum

  29. Classification of Ores The classification of a mineral as an ore can change once it has been mined. Iron Nickel

  30. Mining of Ores Ores near Earth’s surface generally are obtained from open-pit mines.

  31. Gems Gems are prized for their great rarity and beauty.

  32. Trace Elements Trace elements in a mineral can affect the color or the value of mineral.

  33. You'll Be Correct! To appear smart when some asks you: Mineral Groups What kind Of mineral is that? Over 90% of the time! Mostly Quartz!

  34. Remember

  35. Quiz 4.2 – Identifying Minerals

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