THE COLD WAR HEATS UP

1. THE COLD WAR HEATS UP The Space Race, the Arms Race, Espionage, and the Cuban Missile Crisis

2. Essential Question: How did the arms race and space race escalate the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union?

3. From 1945 to 1991, the USA and USSR used a variety of strategies to win the Cold War

4. In the early years of the Cold War (1945-1949), the USA used a containment policy to successfully stop the spread of communism in Europe

5. Truman Doctrine

6. Marshall Plan

7. NATO

8. Berlin Airlift

9. When communism spread to China in 1949, the USA feared the “domino effect” and became more aggressive in its efforts to stop communism

10. The USA went to war in Korea to defend South Korea from communism

11. The Soviet Union supplied weapons to the communists in North Korea during the war

12. The type of indirect fighting between the USA and USSR is called a “proxy war”

13. From 1949 to 1970, the Cold War escalated as a result of a nuclear arms race, space race, and espionage

14. The U.S. monopoly on nuclear weapons ended in 1949 when the USSR successfully tested an atomic bomb

15. The Soviet development of the atomic bomb led to a nuclear arms race between the USA and USSR

16. In 1952, the USA tested the first hydrogen bomb, which is 1000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb

17. The Soviet Union responded by detonating its own hydrogen bomb in 1953

18. By 1959, both the USA and USSR developed rockets called intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) that could deliver nuclear warheads to distant targets U.S. Titan ICMB from the 1960s

19. By 1959, both the USA and USSR developed rockets called intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) that could deliver nuclear warheads to distant targets Soviet ICMBs from 1960-1975

20. Soviet Transporter Erector Launcher (TEL)

21. U.S. Polaris Submarine

22. Unlike bomber planes carrying atomic bombs, these rockets were impossible to intercept

23. In the 1950s, President Eisenhower escalated the Cold War by using brinkmanship: threatening to use nuclear weapons and willingness to go to the brink of war

24. If the USSR attacked a NATO member, the U.S. would use massive retaliation: attack every major Soviet city and military target

25. As a result, the USA and USSR began stockpiling nuclear weapons and building up their militaries

26. With the USA and USSR in possession of large nuclear stockpiles, each side could destroy each other: this was known as Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

27. Throughout the Cold War, the USA and USSR looked for ways to gain first strike capability

28. In 1957, the USSR used its first ICBM to launch Sputnik, the first satellite into space

29. Sputnik shocked Americans, who feared the U.S. had fallen behind the USSR in science and technology

30. As a result of Sputnik, the Cold War escalated into a space race, with Americans and Soviets trying to assert their dominance

31. In 1958, the USA created National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to catch up to the USSR U.S. schools promoted math, science, and technology NASA’s original seven NASA Mercury astronauts

32. The USSR repeatedly beat the US in space by launching the first man into orbit and orbiting the moon

33. In 1962, President John Kennedy committed the USA to beating the Soviet Union in the race to the moon

34. In 1969, Apollo 11 landed U.S. astronauts on the moon

35. During the Cold War, the USA and USSR created intelligence agencies, the CIA and KGB, in order to spy and carry out covert operations (spying, espionage, sabotage, assassinations)

36. KomitetGosudarstvennoyBezopasnosti (Committee for State Security) and Central Intelligence Agency

37. The USA and USSR used spies to gather intelligence Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, convicted of selling nuclear weapon secrets to the USSR

38. U.S. and Soviet spy planes also gathered information

39. The Cold War escalated as the threat of communism spread into the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America

40. The CIA overthrew the governments of Iran and Guatemala and intervened in Egypt, Bolivia, Chile, and Cuba in attempts to prevent communism from taking hold in those countries

41. Cold War tensions were at an all-time high when the Cuban Missile Crisis brought the US and the USSR to the very brink of a full nuclear war

42. Cuba, which is 90 miles off the coast of Florida, had a communist revolution, led by Fidel Castro

43. The U.S. failed in a covert operation to overthrow Castro and was humiliated

44. Because of this failure, Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev thought the U.S. would not stop communist expansion in Latin America Cuba became allies with the Soviet Union

45. In July 1962, the Soviets secretly began to build missile sites in Cuba and ship warheads there to counter the U.S. having missile sites in European nations close to the Soviet Union

46. These missiles gave the USSR the ability to strike first in a nuclear war with the U.S.

48. An American spy plane flew over Cuba in October 1962 and discovered that the Soviets were building the missile sites and directing them at the U.S.

49. An American spy plane flew over Cuba in October 1962 and discovered that the Soviets were building the missile sites and directing them at the U.S.