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Chapter 3:The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

Chapter 3:The Chemical Building Blocks of Life. Topics you are not responsible for: molar concentration End of Chapter questions: Understand: all Apply: all Synthesize: 1 & 3 Do all mQuiz questions. What causes Alzhiemer’s ? -- we’re still not sure Two marked abnormalities

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Chapter 3:The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

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  1. Chapter 3:The Chemical Building Blocks of Life Topics you are not responsible for: molar concentration End of Chapter questions: Understand: all Apply: all Synthesize: 1 & 3 Do all mQuiz questions Chemical Building Blocks

  2. What causes Alzhiemer’s? -- we’re still not sure Two marked abnormalities • Formation of β-Amyloid ‘plaque’ outside of neurons in CNS • Formation of Tau-protein ‘tangles’ inside of neurons Not sure which is cause of neurological damage Similar abnormalities are associated with other neuropathologies Tick and Sick-4

  3. Where does β-Amyloid come from? Amyloid Precursor Protein -- Normal protein Enzymatically cleaved β-Amyloid -- AB42 Tick and Sick-4

  4. Who gets Alzheimer’s? -- risk factors? Age IdiopathicvsFamilial(early onset) forms Genetics and Life style can be predisposing: -- family history, diabetes, heart disease, obesity, reduced mental stimulation, etc. -- Apolipoprotein E-e4 -- component of HDL and LDL Direct Gene Linkage  early onset -- Amyloid Precursor Protein -- APP Cleavage enzymes Tick and Sick-4

  5. What are the fundamental properties of organic molecules? What are “organic” molecules? What are hydrocarbons? Molecular representations Chemical Building Blocks

  6. What “functional” groups occur on biological molecules? -- Know these like “the back of your hand”! e.g. Cysteine Chemical Building Blocks

  7. What are the 4 major groups of macromolecules? Proteins Nucleic acids Lipids Carbohydrates What are the molecular building blocks (subunits) of each? Chemical Building Blocks

  8. How are macromolecules built (synthesized) from subunits? Dehydrolysis (condensation) Rxs …And broken apart (degraded)? Hydrolysis Rxs Chemical Building Blocks

  9. Proteins Proteins have diverse structures; which reflects their function What are some of the functions of proteins? Enzymes!! Molecule Transport Gene regulation Cell movements Hormones etc… Chemical Building Blocks

  10. What are the different types of amino acids? How are AAs similar/different In structure? How many AAs are there? Chemical Building Blocks

  11. H- OH How are amino acids linked together in proteins? The “peptide bond” C-terminus and N-terminus Amino end Carboxyl end Models Chemical Building Blocks

  12. What are the four levels of protein structure?  All proteins have 1O, 2O and 3O structure -- some have 4O What is Primary (1O) structure? e. g., N – ALA – LYS – PHE – GLU etc. – C Chemical Building Blocks

  13. What is Secondary (2O) structure? α-helices & β-sheets What is Tertiary (3O) structure? What is Quartenary (4O) structure? Models Chemical Building Blocks

  14. What determines and stabilizes protein tertiary structure? Amino acid sequence Bonding Hydrophobic exclusion Chaperone proteins Chemical Building Blocks

  15. What happens if protein structure is disrupted? Denaturation What causes denaturation? heat detergents ionic conditions pH Loss of function Animation Chemical Building Blocks

  16. “Mad-Cow disease” is due to protein misfolding A “molecular disease”? “Prions” – misfolded protein Prions ‘beget’ prions -- convert normal form Form aggregates in the brain Transmission -- contaminated foods -- inheritable Prion aggregation Tick and Sick-2

  17. “Transmissable spongiform encephalopathy” (TSE) -- kuru -- scrapie -- ‘mad cow disease’ -- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Cause progressive neurological damages Tick and Sick-2

  18. What are some other characteristics of proteins? What are … Prosthetic groups? e.g., HEME Coenzymes? -- e.g., NADH Cofactors? -- e.g., Mg++ What is a catalytic site? Models Chemical Building Blocks

  19. Many enzymes require vitamins to function -- function as prosthetic groups Deficiencies can cause serious disorders VitaminChemical nameroleDeficiency disorder B1 thiamine widespread roles ”Beri-beri” B2 riboflavin widespread roles numerous conditions B3 niacin redox reactions ”Pellagra” B5 pantothenic acid Coenzyme-A synthesis energy deficiency disorders B6 pyridoxine, etc widespread roles numerous conditions B7 biotin widespread roles numerous conditions B9 folic acid DNA synthesis & regulation neuropathologies & anemia B12 cobalamin AA & DNA synthesis anemia C ascorbic acid collagen synthesis”Scurvy” A retinol phototransduction Night blindness D cholecalciferol calcium uptake ”Rickets” E tocopherols antioxidant, etc numerous conditions K phytylmenaquinone, etc coagulation, etc bleeding disorders Tick and Sick-2

  20. apical Scurvy: What and Why? Needed for Collagen Synthesis -- Connective tissue Symptoms? Lethargy Skin rashes Slow healing Easy wounding Neuropathologies Tick and Sick-2

  21. Collagen mutations underlie Ehlers-Danlos syndrome? Tick and Sick-2

  22. What are the functions of carbohydrates? Energy storage Energy transport Structure Molecular Recognition Chemical Building Blocks

  23. What are the properties of … Mono- & Disaccharides? Oligosaccharides? Why can oligosaccharide structure be very complex? Chemical Building Blocks

  24. What are some important polysaccharides? Energy storage Starch & glycogen Structural cellulose & chitin Starch and Cellulose differ only in bonds between glucose Starch Cellulose α-linkage β-linkage Models Chemical Building Blocks

  25. Oligosaccharides determine blood type ABO “antigens” are oligosaccharides -- on lipids and proteins Blood type reflects type of enzyme possessed B = galactosyl transferase A = N-acetyl-galactosamine transferase AB have both O has neither Immune system can respond to A or B Chemical Building Blocks

  26. What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA? Nucleotides ribo-nucleotides deoxy-ribo purines pyrimidines Chemical Building Blocks

  27. How are nucleotides linked in a DNA strand? Covalent bonds within strands 3’ – 5’ Complementary base-pairing Hydrogen bonds Models Chemical Building Blocks

  28. What are the functions of Lipids? Energy storage -- triglycerides (fats) Membrane structure -- phospholipids Signaling molecules -- steroidal hormones Other specialized functions What property do all lipids share? Chemical Building Blocks

  29. How does structure and function relate in: … Phospholipids? -- amphipathic … Triglycerides? -- hydrophobic Models Chemical Building Blocks

  30. How does fatty acid saturation affect the properties of triglycerides? Fluidity Metabolism The odd history of “Partially hydrogenated vegetable oils” & “Trans-fatty acids” Chemical Building Blocks

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