A Call For Change – Progressivism

1. A Call For Change – Progressivism • Progressivism: movement that attempted to change society politically & socially. • Anti-Monopoly • Monopolies had too much power • Government needs to be involved Who were the Progressives? • It was an urban movementled by social workers, newspaper reporters, teachers, professionals, and business people. • Urban version of populism

2. Progressive Amendments 16th Amendment- Federal Income Tax 17th Amendment- election of senators by the people 18th Amendment- prohibition 19th Amendment- gave women the right to vote

3. What did they want? ***wanted reforms for society*** • List of threats to society were: 1) Most of country's wealth in a few hands 2) Control of immigrants' votes in cities by politicians 3) passage of laws improving working conditions 4) passage of laws ending child labor 5) passage of laws improving food industry 6) passage of laws improving slum housing 7) regulation of the monopolies 8) stricter standards of morality 9) political reform

4. Roosevelt and Muckrakers • Muckraker- Person who looks for corruption on the part of public officials or business and exposes it to the public. • Wrote about corruption in America • Teddy Roosevelt gave them their name

5. Ida Tarbell • She became best known for The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904). Written about how Rockefeller’s oil company put small businesses under.

6. Upton Sinclair: The Jungle • During the Industrial Revolution in America we increased our beef output because of refrigerated railcars. • Initial Goal: observe immigrant workers in meatpacking industry • Wanted to show the filth and corruption of the meat packing industry. • He told how dead rats were shoveled into sausage-grinding machines. • How bribed inspectors looked the other way when diseased cows were slaughtered for beef, and how filth and guts were swept off the floor and packaged as "potted ham."

7. Progressivism EQ #1 • Define Progressivism. Describe 2 Progressive beliefs towards monopolies. • List and Describe 4 Progressive Amendments. • List 5 threats to society that Progressives were concerned with. • What is a muckraker? Who gave them their name? • Why is Ida Tarbell a well known muckraker? • How did the Industrial Revolution impact the meatpacking industry? • What was the initial goal of The Jungle? Explain how that goal changed.

8. Advances for Workers ***reform came after industrialization*** • Working conditions were harsh & there was no unemployment insurance, disability pay, or retirement pensions. • Meat Inspection Act- created a federal meat inspection program. • Response to The Jungle Women Reform: Pre-Civil War- “cult of domesticity” • Farm Women: South and Midwest • Gender roles stayed the same • Domestic Workers: Northeast • Poverty causes women to work • Maids, cooks, servants

9. Women Suffrage • Define: the right to vote • 14th and 15th amendment split women reformers • Susan B. Anthony • Opposed amendments because they excluded Women. • “Suzy B’s”

10. 3. Suffrage for Women Women become impatient Male immigrants immediately granted citizenship

11. E. Women’s Rights • WWI plays huge role in voting rights for women. • 19th Amendment: gave women the right to vote.

12. Labor unionstried to improve these things by bargaining, striking, or boycotting • progressive reformers didn't care for labor union leaders **Accomplishments of the progressive reformers: • passage of minimum wage laws for women in 12 states • industrial accident insurance in 30 states • child labor laws in some states

13. The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire • sometimes it took tragedy to bring reform • fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in NY City in 1911 is a good example • resulted in creation of the NY State Factory Commission • it created laws regulating working & safety conditions, wages, and hours • became a model of progressive reform for other states

14. Reforming Society - four areas were targeted 1) City Life • garbage collection • better housing • improvements in public education • funding for hospitals to treat tuberculosis • building of playgrounds • city planning (city beautiful movement)

15. 2) Moral Reform • wanted to clean up “immoral behavior” • Drinking on Sunday • called for prohibition: manufacture, import transportation, export, and sale of alcoholic beverages is restricted or illegal. • led to passage of 18th Amendment (1918) • censorship of movies

16. 3) Racial Discrimination • Reformers overlooked the nation's 10 million African Americans • Whites believed they were superior to minorities • Most minorities were ignored • Muckrakers continued to expose discrimination & other racial problems continue

17. NAACP was formed in 1909 • purpose was to protect the rights of African Americans • used the legal system to attack racial oppression • defended African Americans arrested on questionable evidence • investigated race riots & lynchings • fought for a federal anti-lynching law National Urban League • worked to improve job opportunities & housing ***Two black leaders emerged*** • Booker T. Washington • W.E.B. Du Bois

18. Progressivism EQ’s #2 • Explain the significance of the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire. • Discuss City Reform and Moral Reform during Progressivism. • Discuss the issue of Labor Reform during Progressivism. • Define Suffrage. Explain why women such as Susan B. Anthony were so upset during Progressivism. • In terms of labor, discuss specific reforms that were made during Progressivism. Discuss the Meat Inspection Act.

19. Booker T. Washington • Washington advocated blacks accepting their inferior social status • supported vocational training & economic self-reliance to raise their economic status • believed political & social equality would come after economic equality was achieved • believed Americans should learn to be “one as the hand but separate as the fingers” • was president of the Tuskegee Institute • provided agricultural & industrial training

20. Du Bois Advocated fighting for complete equal rights • was a founder of the NAACP • wanted to use the legal system to fight & achieve immediate political, social, & economic equality • was a more militant leader than Washington 4) Immigrants • most found improvements thru actions of political bosses---continued corruption • found assistance in settlement houses • also benefited from improved housing & business laws

21. Government Reform • Progressives had 2 approaches to removing govt. corruption 1) give common people a greater voice in govt. 2) hire experts to make govt. more efficient • Reforms in Wisconsin under Robert La Follette • Initiative: bill initiated by the people • Referendum: a vote on the initiative • Recall Election: voters can remove public officials w/election Laws resulting from progressive ideas • 16th Amendment – graduated personal income tax • 17th Amendment – direct election of U.S. Senators • 18th Amendment – Prohibition

22. Theodore Roosevelt Prelude to a President Roosevelt family=wealthy Asthma as a child Enjoyed an active lifestyle Early Political and Military Career New York Politics New York City Commissioner Spanish-American War Resigns from Navy to serve as lieutenant colonel “Rough Riders”- volunteer regiment led by TR

23. Lifestyle while President Boxed professionals Hunted exotic animals “In life, as in a football game, the principle is to hit the line hard” The First Modern President Recognizable to the public Serve the people Fight big business Spoke like a Populist: a politician whose actions connect with the public

24. Government Regulate Business? • T.R. believed in the free enterprise system • welcomed the growth of industry • believed many large businesses made good economic sense • T.R. was called a “trust buster” • Opposed only what he considered “bad” trusts • Believed trusts limited fair competition by their conduct, not size • Went after Beef, Oil, Tobacco, and Railroad • 1900: trusts controlled 80% of the industries in U.S.

25. T.R.’s Square Deal • Square Deal: progressive reforms designed to protect people from big businesses. • Based on a strong federal government. • 1902 Coal Strike: 140,000 workers strike • George Baer refused to meet • Commission by federal government grants miners 10% pay increase, shorter days • Roosevelt’s actions proved… • Federal gov’t will intervene • Disputes could be settled via commission

26. Congressional Action • T.R. read The Jungle • Remembered that during the Spanish-American War hundreds of soldiers died from eating tainted meat • he called for a federal investigation of the meatpacking plants Meat Inspection Act of 1906: set health & sanitary standards for all phases of the interstate meatpacking industry • Investigations in other industries found that harmful dyes, chemicals, & filth were contaminating canned goods • Misleading advertising in the drug industry was pointed out Pure Food & Drug Act in 1906: barred the use of harmful additives in foods & banned false advertisement for drugs

27. T.R. The Reformer Many demanded stricter regulation of RR's • Elkins Act: RR officials could not give shippers rebates for using particular railroads. • Hepburn Act:was passed in 1906 that allowed the ICC to block unreasonable freight rates Roosevelt and the Environment • T.R. was involved in the conservation movement • Recognized U.S. lands being abused by businesses • As president, he committed the U.S. govt. to conservation • Congress created national parks & wildlife sanctuaries • Congress provided $ for reclamation of damaged lands

28. T.R. Essential Questions • How did the government under T.R. handle corruption issues with the railroads? • Explain T.R.’s response to reading The Jungle. Discuss results. • Explain the role of T.R. in the conservation effort. • What was T.R.’s “Square Deal?” How is he considered to be a populist? • Describe the events of the 1902 Coal Strike. What did this event prove about T.R.? • Discuss why we say that T.R. is considered to be the first “Modern President?”

29. Election of 1908 • Taft became T.R.’s successor as president • Continued T.R.’s progressive reforms • Broke up twice the number of trusts as T.R. • Appeared too weak toward conservation • Taft generally was not the politician T.R. was 1910- T.R. returned from a safari trip to promote his own ideas • New idea was called New Nationalism • promoted laws to protect workers, ensure public health, & regulate business 1912- T.R. had decided to run for president again • Formed his own party called the Progressive Party or Bull Moose Party

30. Election of 1912: four major candidates • Taft (R), T.R. (BM/P), Wilson (D), Debs (S) • Democrats were nearly guaranteed victory w/ split in Republican party • Wilson promoted reforms: New Freedom • Promoted laws to help small businesses • Called for a return to an America free from the domination of big business and govt. • Wilson wonthe election overwhelmingly • Election was a defeat for the Progressive Party but not for reform—still at the top of the nation's agenda

32. Wilson’s Reforms: Based on New Freedom ideas. Priorities were banking reform & anti-trust legislation 1. Banking Reform: Recession in 1907 • Disagreement about whether banks should be controlled by private owners or by the govt. • Compromise resulted in the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 • Divided the nation into 12 districts • A federal reserve bank was in each district • Local banks owned the federal reserve banks & deposited a percentage of their money in them • Federal Reserve Board was created to oversee banking nationwide

33. Controlled the banking system by setting interest rates on loans made by the fed. reserve banks to member banks • Interest rates could expand the money supply or cause it to shrink • Helped businesses to thrive & the economy to grow 2. Big Business • Wilson wanted to further regulate big businesses • Wanted to primarily limit power of monopolies • Led to passage of the Clayton Anti-trust Act (1914) • Extension of the Sherman Anti-trust Act • Stated more clearly what corporations could and could not do as legal business practices

34. Suffrage for Women Women become impatient Male immigrants immediately granted citizenship

35. WWI plays huge role in voting rights for women. • Work in factories • Taking care of the home • Deserve Equality • Women are demanding rights.

36. The Final Social Frontier Women's Suffrage • The last major reform of the Progressive Movement was the • 19th Amendment (approved in 1919) • officially gave women the right to vote throughout the nation in 1920 • 72 yrs. after the first women's rights convention, women had achieved equal rights as citizens of the U.S.

37. The End of an Era • 1900--1920, progressives had accomplished much • Made politics less corrupt & more democratic • Economic justice for all types of workers • Govt. had turned away from its laissez-faire attitude • Congress built an impressive record of legislation • Women gained the right to vote • Although gains were made in many areas, all of the problems were not totally gone– specifically racial issues. • 1917, war in Europe replaced everything else as the focus of public life • Specific Question: What role should the U.S. play????