The Reformation and the Holiness Movement

1. The Reformation and the Holiness Movement Revival, Awakening and Holiness.

2. Growing Weary of the Regime • The Middle Ages was a depressing and oppressive time in Western Europe. • The human spirit can take but so much oppression. • The ideals being taught in Christianity were not evident in daily life • This gave birth to a desire for change

3. Causes of Dissent • New influence from the Muslim world and from ancient Greek philosophy preserved by the Arabs. • The corruption of the clergy and the papacy caused great disillusionment and questioning.

4. Causes of Dissent • There were many economic abuses, including • Ecclesiastical Taxation • In excess of taxes paid as Roman Citizens • Absenteeism • Appointment of positions just to provide the appointee income. • Simony • Bribery for religious positions • the sale of indulgences. • Announcements that sins had been paid for

5. Causes of Dissent • The rise of nationalism • Theological and spiritual conviction. • The invention of the printing press (1456)

6. Martin Luther (1483-1546) • A German Augustinian Monk • Convicted by Romans 1:17 “…The just shall live by faith.” • Never intended to leave the Roman Catholic Church

7. The Supreme Authority of Scripture • The watchwords of the Reformation are grace alone, faith alone, Scripture alone, and Christ alone (sola gratia, sola fide, sola Scriptura, sola Christus). • Luther rejected tradition as our authority and said Scripture is our sole authority for doctrine. • In 1229 the Catholic Church had forbidden the laity to read the Bible, because they were not theological experts. • Luther declared that the Bible, the liturgy, and the preaching should be in the language of the people. • translated the Bible into German to make it available to them.

8. Lutheran Theology • Justification By Faith (in an extreme way) • Thought the Book of James was “straw” • Believed in Original sin (like Augustine) • Believed in unconditional election (predestination … like Augustine) • Believed in the priesthood of believers (1 Peter 2:9) • Germans were very accepting of his views.

9. The Start of the Reformation • His Ninety Five Theses against indulgences • Posted on October 31, 1517 • In 1520 Pope Leo X commanded him to stop teaching his views. • Luther responded defiantly calling the pope a heretic and the Antichrist. • Luther was declared a heretic in 1521 by Emperor Charles V

10. Luther in Hiding • For his own safety, Luther was “kidnapped” by local German leaders for almost a year • His fame spread • He translated the New Testament into German. • He emerged with much support from German princes/people and was able to preach freely.

11. Reformation Spreads • It only initiated in Germany • In Switzerland • The Reformed in 1523 led by Ulrich Zwingli • After Zwingli’s death, John Calvin of Geneva became the leader. • In Scotland it was known as Presbyterian • In England as Puritans

12. The Anabaptists • Stemmed from the followers of Zwingli • Denounced infant baptism • Baptism was only for believers • Were against the idea of a state church (for separation of church and state) • Never became a major group in the Reformation. • Most Anabaptists today are Mennonites (followers of Menno Simmons)

13. Anglican Church • Start by Henry VIII of all people • He had a dispute with the pope over his divorce. • He left the Catholic Church and started the Church of England (or Anglican Church) also known as the Episcopalian Church • He named himself as the head of the church. • Now the Bishop of Canterbury is the head of the church

14. Gaining Momentum • By 1600, the Protestant Reformation had reached its greatest extent in Europe • Northern Europe had become mostly Protestant, particularly Lutheran. • Central Europe was a mixture of Lutheran, Reformed, Anabaptist, and Catholic. • England was Anglican.

15. The Sacraments • Baptism • Confirmation • Penance • Eucharist (Communion) • Extreme Unction • Ordination (not essential) • Marriage (not essential)

16. The Reformation is Christcentric • Medieval Theology insisted upon acknowledging every “person” of the “triune” Godhead. • The Reformation’s emphasis was on Jesus. • “He that acknowledgeth the son hath the father also. (I John 2:23)”

17. Pietists (1675) • Arose again in Germany • Felt there was too much emphasis on theological debate • Desired a more relationship oriented Christianity.

18. Pietists • A strong catalyst for them was Philip Jacob Spener (1635-1705), a Lutheran. • Stressed repentance and an experience of conversion that changed people’s lives. • This movement started among the Lutherans but spread to the Calvinists also.

19. Pietists • Stressed 6 things to add fervor to Christianity. • 1. More extensive use of the Scriptures, including Bible study in small groups. • 2. Reemphasis on the spiritual priesthood of all believers. • 3. Emphasis on spiritual experience and practice in Christian life rather than mere knowledge. • 4. Conducting controversies in a spirit of charity. • 5. Training of pastors in devotional literature and practice. • 6. Renewed focus on the purpose of the pulpit toedify the people.

20. Synod of Dort Reemphasized the Teachings of the Reformation 1. Total depravity. 2. Unconditional election. 3. Limited atonement. 4. Irresistible grace. 5. Perseverance of the saints. (Eternal Security)

21. Arminianism • 1. Universal prevenient grace. • 2. Election based on foreknowledge. • 3. Universal atonement. • 4. Grace can be resisted. • 5. No definite position regarding the perseverance of the saints.

22. John Wesley (1703-1791) • He was an Anglican Priest • Started the Holy Club at Oxford University in England out of a desire for something deeper.

23. John Wesley (1703-1791) • His doctrine of sanctification and Christian perfection. Up until this time, most Protestants had emphasized the doctrine of justification to the neglect of sanctification. • “wholly sanctified” not “holy sanctified”

24. John Wesley (1703-1791) • To him: • Conversion (being saved) was the first work of grace • Sanctification was a second work of grace • Both would be definite experiences • The Christian could live a life victorious over sin. • This was in sharp contrast to most movements

25. Methodists • Wesley’s younger brother, Charles, wrote many hymns that are used in Baptist, Methodist and Pentecostal congregations. • Such as: Father, I stretch my hands to thee, no other help I know, If thou withdrew thy hand from me, Whither shall I go?

26. Pentecostal Outpourings • Ulrich Zwingli • Anabaptists • Germany • Switzerland • The Quakers • Reformed • Methodists • Holiness • Moravians

27. Jonathan Edwards • He was known to pray outside in the snow for extended periods of time. The prayer was so intense that when he had finished, there would be a circle surrounding him where the snow had melted away. • A Calvinist Presbyterian • Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

28. The Great Awakening • By and large, the blacks in America responded revivalist variety of the Baptists and Methodists. • The first major black denomination was the African Methodist Episcopal Church, formed by members who began withdrawing from a Methodist church in 1787 due to racial discrimination. • In 1816 it was formally organized, and a prominent Methodist bishop, Francis Asbury, consecrated Richard Allen as its first bishop.

29. The Second Awakening • The new revival mostly involved Methodists and Baptists, but some Presbyterians took part, particularly in the beginning. • The most outstanding camp meeting took place in Cane Ridge, Kentucky in August 1801. It was organized by Presbyterians and Methodists, and twenty to thirty thousand people attended.

30. Cane Ridge Revival • Characterized by: • sobbing, shrieking, falling (over three thousand fell under the power of God), exuberant singing, shouting, laughing (“holy laughter”), dancing, shaking (“jerking”), jumping, leaping, rolling, and running. People testified that they fell into trances, saw visions, and exercised various gifts of the Holy Ghost.

31. The Holiness Movement • The vision of John Wesley had left the Methodist Church. • The fire had dwindled. There was a renewed desire to return to holiness. • The Holiness movement particularly sought to restore the New Testament truth of divine healing.

32. The Holiness Churches Wesleyan Methodist Church (1843) Pilgrim Holiness Church (1897), now Wesleyan Church; Free Methodist Church (1860) Church of God (Anderson, Indiana) (1880) Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) (1896) Church of the Nazarene (1895) which became the largest Holiness denomination; Pentecostal Holiness Church (1900) Church of God in Christ (1897) From 1895 to 1905, over twenty small Holiness denominations were started.

33. Charles Parham • Founder and director of a small Bible school in Topeka, Kansas. • He was an independent preacher associated with the Holiness movement. • The school spent many days studying the New Testament regarding the Baptism of the Holy Spirit and sought God on this wise.

34. The Pentecostal Movement(January 1, 1901) • In a prayer meeting Agnes Ozman asked Parham to lay hands on her that she might receive the Holy Ghost with the evidence of speaking in tongues. • When he did, she began to speak in tongues. Several other students soon received the same experience, and on January 3 Parham himself along with many others also received the Holy Ghost with the sign of speaking in tongues.

35. Three Works of Grace? • The Baptism of the Holy Ghost originally thought of as a third work of grace • The common testimony of early Pentecostals was, • “Thank God, I am saved, sanctified, and filled with the Holy Ghost.”

36. Pentecostal Holiness Churches • Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee), • Church of God in Christ • Pentecostal Holiness Church. • These organizations advocated three works of grace, while later other Pentecostals reduced the number to two or one. • For instance, the Assemblies of God believes in two works of grace: conversion and the baptism of the Holy Spirit (a postconversional endowment of power) • the United Pentecostal Church holds that repentance, water baptism, and the baptism of the Holy Spirit are all part of the one experience of regeneration.