1 / 44

Principles of Animal Physiology

Principles of Animal Physiology. Circulatory Systems. Introduction. Components of circulatory systems Fluid - contains transport molecules and cells (blood or hemolymph) Pump - to move the fluid around Conduits (vessels) - to carry the fluid between pump and body tissues.

lukas
Download Presentation

Principles of Animal Physiology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Introduction • Components of circulatory systems • Fluid - contains transport molecules and cells (blood or hemolymph) • Pump - to move the fluid around • Conduits (vessels) - to carry the fluid between pump and body tissues

  2. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Introduction • Types of circulatory systems

  3. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Introduction • Open and Closed systems • Open circulation • Contains Hemolymph • Hemolymph moves from vessels to extracellular spaces among tissues • Hemocoel - extracellular spaces containing hemolymph • Hemolymph may be moved by body movements, cilia or flagella, or by hearts

  4. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Introduction • Circulation in an open system

  5. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Introduction • Open and Closed systems • Colsed circulation • Contains Blood • Blood moves through vessels but not among tissues • Capillaries - exchange of materials occur • Blood moved about the body by the heart or by body movements

  6. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Introduction • Ciruclation in a closed system

  7. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Fluids • Two components to circulatory fluids • Plasma • Watery, containing dissolved and dispersed molecules • Cellular elements • In hemolymph • Hemocytes - various cell types • Responsible for immune functions, clotting, oxygen transport • Blood • Erythrocytes - red blood cells for transporting oxygen • Leukocytes - white blood cells for immune response • Thrombocytes for platelets - for clotting

  8. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Fluids • The Hematocrit • Percent of packed cell volume in whole blood • Human - 45% in males; 42% in females • White whale - 53% in females; 52% in males • Pekin duck - 45% at seal level; 56% at high altitude • Sriped bass - 39% at 5°C; 53% at 25°C

  9. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Introduction • Plasma and Hematocrit volumes

  10. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Fluids • Plasma in Circulatory Fluids • Contains 90% or more water • A medium for carrying organic and inorganic substances • Plasma proteins - 6-8% of plasma weight -osmotic pressure and buffering • Most abundant electrolytes - Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, K+, and Ca++ • Nutrients - glucose, amino acids, lipids, and vitamins • Waste - creatinine, bilirubin, urea • Dissolved gases • Hormones

  11. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Fluids • Erythrocytes • Transport oxygen • Transport carbon dioxide • Oblong oval or biconcaved flattened discs • Flexible • Contain no nucleus, orgennelles, or ribosomes • Contain plasma and hemoglobin • Does not use the oxygen that they carry • Lifespan - 100 to 120 days

  12. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Fluids • Erythrocytes

  13. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Fluids • Blood Cell Production (Hemopoiesis)

  14. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • Pumps • Flagella • Fluid moved by beating epithelial cells • Extrinsic muscle or skeletal pumps • Fluid moved by motion of skeletal muscles • May occur during locomotion • Peristaltic muscle pumps • Occurs during contraction of vessel muscle walls • Chamber muscle pumps • Hearts • Most have at least two chambers

  15. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • Types of pumps in animals

  16. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • Two chambered heart

  17. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • Dual Pumps in Avian and Mammalian Hearts • 4 chambers - 2 atria and 2 ventricles • Atria receive and store blood • Ventricles pump blood away from the heart • Veins return blood to the heart • Arteries take blood away from the heart • Septum is muscular tissue that separates the two sides of the heart

  18. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • Dual Pumps

  19. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems • Atria - holding chambers • Ventricles - produce pressure to drive blood through system • Arteries - low-resistance, little pressure loss, pressure resevoirs • Arterioles - high resistance, regulate blood pressure, distribute blood to various organs • Capillaries - site for nutrient and waste product exchange • Venules - nutrient and waste product exchange, regulates capillary blood pressure • Veins - low resistance conduits, facilitates flow back to the heart

  20. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • Heart Valves Ensure Unidirectional Blood Flow

  21. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • The Mammalian Heart

  22. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • Blood flow through mammalian heart

  23. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • The Mammalian Ventricles • Myocardium • Epicardium • Epicardium

  24. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • Mechanism of Valve Action

  25. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • Organization of Mammalian Cardiac Muscle Fibers • Intercalated discs • Desmosomes • Gap junctions • Functional syncytium • Myoglobin

  26. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • Conducting Pathway in Mammalian Heart • SA node • Internodal pathway • AV node • Bundle of His • Left & Right bundle branches • Purkinje fibers

  27. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • Conducting Pathway in Mammalian Heart

  28. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • Pacemaker Activity in Cardiac Autorhythmic Cells • Pacemaker cells • SA node • AV node • Bundle of His • Purkinje fibers • Pacemaker potential • Decrease in outward K+ current • Constant inward Na+ current • Increase in inward Ca++ current • Depolarization • Continued inward Na+ current • Influx of Ca++

  29. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • Pacemaker Activity of Cardiac Autorhythmic Cells

  30. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • Action Potential of Contractile Cardiac Muscle Cells • RMP about -90 mV • Rising phase - influx of Na+ • Initial repolarization - ↓PNA+; ↑PCa2+; ↓PK+ • Plateau - slow inward Ca2+ current; decreased K+ efflux • Repolarization - inactivation of Ca2+ channels; increase outward K+ current

  31. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • Action Potential and Tension Development in Cardiac Contractile Muscle Cell • Refractory period • Tetanus

  32. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • Action Potential of Contractile Cardiac Muscle Cells

  33. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • Comparison of action potential in different regions of the heart

  34. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • The Electrocardiogram

  35. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • Mechanical Events of Mammalian Cardiac Cycle

  36. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • Mechanical Events of Mammalian Cardiac Cycle • Early Ventriclular Diastole • Late Ventricular Diastole • End of Ventricular Diastole - end-diastolic volume • Onset of Ventricular Systole • Isovolumetirc Venticular Contraction • Ventricular Ejection • End of Ventricular Systole - end systolic volume • Onset of Ventricular Diastole • Dicrotic notch • Isovolumetric Ventricular Relaxation • Ventricular Filling

  37. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • The Cardiac Output • Cardiac out (CO) = volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute CO = HR x SV, HR = heart rate, SV = stroke volume Starling’s law of the heart • Increased filling pressure (volume) leads to increased cardiac output • If HR = 72 beats/min, SV= 0.07L/beat, then CO = 72 beats/min X 0.07L/min = 5.0 L/min

  38. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • Autonomic innervation of the heart

  39. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems Circulatory Pumps • ACh • ↑APs interval of pacemaker cells →↓ HR • Negative chronotropic effect • ↓Velocity of conduction, may lead to AV • block → ectopic pacemaker • Nor(epinephrine) • ↑ heart rate via pacemaker cells • Positive chronotropic effect • ↑ strength of contraction (myocardial cells) • Positive inotropic effect

  40. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems • Autonomic control of SA node activity and heart rate

  41. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems • Control of cardiac output

  42. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems • Summary of factors influencing cardiac output

  43. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems • Blood pressure in various blood vessels of the systemic circulation

  44. Principles of Animal Physiology Circulatory Systems • Relation btw. Velocity of blood flow and Xsectional area of vascular tree

More Related