Principles of Animal Diseases

1. Principles of Animal Diseases Objective C: Animal Management Animal Science II: AA 22

2. Non-Infectious Disease Causes • Faulty Nutrition: • Ration is not balanced correctly • Metabolic Disorder: • Not adequately digested • Trauma: • Wounds or injuries

3. Faulty Nutrition: Examples • Bloat: • Rapid fermentation (breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes) to much gas. • Bovine Pulmonary Emphysema: • Feedlot problem: panting, coughing, difficulty breathing • Fescue Foot: • Pasture problem: cattle grazing in a fescue pasture, the animal shifting from one hind foot to the other, sometimes with one in the air. • Enterotoxemia (Overeating Disease): • Affects cattle/sheep on high-concentrate rations. Animal may die in 1 to 24 hours. • Founder: • Feedlot problem: Swelling of tissue that attaches the hoof to the foot.

4. Metabolic Disorder: Examples • Grass Tetany: • Most often affects cows that are lactating, it is caused by a lack of magnesium. • Hardware Disease: • Animal swallows metal objects that rupture the reticulum wall of the ruminant stomach. • Nitrate Poisoning: • Caused by the animal eating or drinking a product that has too much nitrogen in it. • Poisonous Plants: • Animal eating a poisonous plant in a graze land setting

5. Metabolic Disorder: Examples • Rumentitis (Liver Abscess Complex): • Cattle on a high-concentrate rations. The soil and manure content levels plays a factor in the prevalence of this problem. • White Muscle (Selenium Deficiency): • Common where the soil is lacking in selenium. The muscle turns a white color.

6. Examples • Fescue Foot

7. Examples • White Muscle

8. Examples • Trauma

9. Non-Infectious Disease Causes • Toxic substances: poisonous plants materials such as chemical, plants, snakes and spiders. • Congenital defects: birth defects

10. Cattle • Normal temperature: 101.5 F or 38.6 C • Pulse rate: 60-70 heartbeats per minute • Respiration rate: 10-30 breaths per minute

11. Cattle Diseases • Brucellosis: Causes abortion during last half of pregnancy, afterbirth retention or sterility. It is a microorganism. Cattle that have brucellosis must be slaughtered and disposed of properly. Prevent by vaccinating breeding females, testing animals and purchasing from brucellosis free producers.

12. Treatment • There is no cure for brucellosis. Prevention is the best method. Buying replacement cattle from a registered brucellosis-free herds. • We use 9-way

13. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) • Chronic degenerative disease that affects the central nervous system of cattle. • Affects the following animals: • Cattle, Deer, Elk, Cats, Sheep, Goats, Mink • Affects humans in the following forms: • Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) • Fatal Familial Insomnia • Kuru • Gertsmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome

14. Treatment • No known cure. It is known that the incubation period is 2-8 years in an infected animal. It is also suspected that it cannot be transmitted to humans.

15. BSE

16. Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD) • Is a common disease throughout the U.S.. The disease is appears as mild, acute, and chronic. BVD is spread by contact and it may be carried on a person’s shoes going from one herd to another. There is no-cure.

17. BVD

18. Treatment • Use a vaccination 1-3 weeks before weaning. Pregnant cows should never be vaccinated. • We use 9-Way to prevent this disease

19. Blackleg • Is a disease caused by bacteria that grow only in the absence of oxygen, usually grown in deep wounds. Can live in the soil. Young cattle are more susceptible then older cattle. Sudden death, lameness, swollen muscles and high fever are some symptoms.

20. Treatment • Massive doses of antibiotics and only if caught early enough. Prevention is the key.

21. Scours • Found in young cattle. Calves older than 2 months rarely get it. Sanitation is the key to preventing this disease. It is very important for the young calves to drink colostrum.

22. Treatment • Antibiotics and sulfa drugs. As stated before sanitation is the best prevention method.

23. Leptospirosis • Usually caused by infected animal urinating on a feed source. Normal transmission of the disease is from hogs to cattle and cattle to hogs. Sanitation is a good preventive measure. Keeping hogs away from cattle is another measure.

24. Treatment • Vaccination schedule is a must. There are 5 strains of this disease. High doses of antibiotics is given when the symptoms appear. The females seem to recover and can be used for reproduction purposes after recovery.

25. Listeriosis • Caused by a germ. Is spread from animal to animal by contaminated feed and water. Sometimes caused by breeding. The symptoms will show 4-14 days before death.

26. Treatment • There is no vaccine for this disease. Sanitation is the best control method.

27. Lumpy Jaw • Is a chronic disease and seldom causes the animal to die but it is an economic loss because the affected body parts are condemned.

28. Treatment • Surgical operation by a veterinarian to loosen jaw bones. To prevent lumpy jaw ensure that there is no metal objects inside the hay.

29. Pinkeye • Is a disease carried by insects that affects the eye of cattle. Can cause blindness if left untreated.

30. Treatment • Move animal into a dark area. • High doses of antibiotics and sulfa drugs to the affected areas. • 9-way prevents

31. Shipping Fever • Complex with many symptoms such as closed eyes, fever, coughing, diarrhea, or discharge from the nose and is more common in young cattle during times of stress such as shipping.

32. Treatment • High doses of antibiotics and sulfa drugs. • 9 way

33. Mastitis • Bacterial infection that causes inflammation in mammary glands. More common in dairy industry. Prevent through sanitation and proper milking procedures.

34. Trichomoniasis • A venereal disease spread among cattle. • Affects the bulls gentiles but does not show signs of the disease. It is spread directly to the females that show the symptoms. The females can spread it to the bulls if they are not infected. • It can be spread by artificial insemination if using infected semen.

35. Trichomoniasis • No treatment for the bulls-send to slaughter. • No vaccination for this disease. • 9 way

36. Campylobacteriosis or Vibriosis • This disease effects the intestinal and venereal form. • It leads to infertility and abortions. • The intestinal form has little effect on cattle.

37. Campylobacteriosis or Vibriosis • Keep infected bulls from breeding. • Can cause a drop in fertility by 40%. • Vaccinate 30 days prior to breeding season. • 9 way

38. Swine • Normal temperature: 102.6 F or 39.2 C • Pulse rate: 60-80 heartbeats per minute • Respiration: 8-13 breaths per minute

39. Clostridial Diarrhea • Same disease that causes necrotic enteritis in poultry. • It affects the intestinal lining of young piglets. • Death occurs within a day and a half after the symptoms occur. It mimics scours. • Antibiotics are given to the sow before farrowing and nursing begins.

40. Clostridial Diarrhea

41. Exudative Epidermitis (Greasy Pig Disease) • Caused by a common bacterium that lives on the skin of the animal. It enters the animal’s body through broken skin. • Reddish areas that appear around the eyes, behind the ears, or under the legs.

42. Greasy Pig Disease

43. Treatment • Antibiotics in the early stages. • Later was with mild soap and water 3 to 4 times a day. • Control lice and manage the sanitation

44. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) • Prevention is the best method of controlling disease. There is no effective treatment. • Viral disease that causes the following: • Symptoms include the following: • Late term fetal death • Abortion • Weak pigs • Respiratory problems

45. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)

46. Treatment • Following good management practices to control disease will help reduce the incidence of PRRS in a producer’s herd.

47. Pseudorabies • Caused by a virus that has symptoms of fever, vomiting, convulsions, tremors, and causes sudden death in young pigs within 24 hours of the appearance of the symptoms.

48. Pseudorabies

49. Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE) • Caused by a very contagious virus that has the symptoms of vomiting, diarrhea, with white, yellow, and green feces. It kills almost 100% of the baby pigs infected. • There is no cure for the disease. • Drugs and vaccines are not effective in controlling and treating TGE

50. Transmissible Gastroenteritis