Understanding Eukaryotic mRNA Structure and Translation Initiation Mechanisms

Feb 02, 2026

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This document outlines the essential components of eukaryotic mRNA, including the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs), the significance of the AUG start codon, and the implications of the Kozak consensus sequence for translation initiation. It addresses the roles of structures like stem-loops, cap structures, and poly(A) tails in mRNA stability and translation. The document also highlights the involvement of various eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs) in the overall process, providing insights into the mRNA life cycle from transcription to protein synthesis.

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Understanding Eukaryotic mRNA Structure and Translation Initiation Mechanisms

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Open Reading Frame (ORF) AUG UAA Generic Structure of a Eukaryotic mRNA 3’-untranslated region (3’-UTR) 5’-untranslated region (5’-UTR) (AUUUA)n (AAA)n 7-Me-GpppG stem-loop structures cleavage & poly(A) addition site stem-loop structures cap poly(A) tail Initiation codon context -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 +4 G C C A C C G Kozak (mammalian) consensus: -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 +4 (GC-poor) A x A (U) S. cerevisiae (yeast) consensus:
7-methyl-guanine R1 and R2 = H or CH3 mRNA-3’-OH
• ATP and GTP • GTP
Gcn2 & other eIF2 kinases
Mammalian eIF4G1