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Colonization

Colonization. Chapters 2 and 3. We will formulate the BIG picture. What nations are settling in the New World? - why are these nations encouraging settlement in the New World? - what type(s) of settlers are taking advantage of this opportunity? Why?

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Colonization

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  1. Colonization Chapters 2 and 3

  2. We will formulate the BIG picture What nations are settling in the New World? - why are these nations encouraging settlement in the New World? - what type(s) of settlers are taking advantage of this opportunity? Why? - How are these settlements impacting Native peoples? Chart, visualization with explanation, song?!? 1-3 people, due Mon 9/8/14 - use these notes, read ch. 2

  3. The Big picture Between 1607 and 1763, North American colonists developed experience in , and the expectation of, self government in the political,religious, economic, and social aspects of their lives.

  4. The major players: The Spanish -Who sparks this wave of exploration? (come on you know the rhyme…) -Why now? • europe clamoring for wealth and cheap goods - need resources and trade routes • portugal = long range voyages • Renaissance (14th C) = optimistic and adventurous spirit • Printing press (1450) = spreads scientific knowledge

  5. The major players: The Spanish 1492 = shift in history of the world • 2 “new continents discovered” • US will come to dominate in a few centuries • interdependent global market created • Europe = capital, markets, & technology • Americas = raw materials • Africa = labor • modern banking system develops • introduction of goods to new “markets” • Americas give = tobacco, tomatoes, potatoes, perfect growing of sugar cane (sugar revolution) • Europe = horse and disease (yellow fever, small pox, malaria)

  6. The major players: The Spanish What is Columbus seeking? • quicker trade route to “the Indies” • hence “Indians”

  7. The major players: The Spanish Where does he actually end up? 1492: Bahamas 1493: Hispaniola (island with Haiti / Dominican Republic) What are the territories Spain will eventually acquire?

  8. The Major Players The Spanish: * 1513 Ponce De Leon claimed Florida St. Augustine settled in 1565 * 1539 Hernando De Soto discovered the Mississippi * 1522 Hernando Cortez had conquered the Aztecs in Mexico * 1536 Francisco Pizarro had conquered the Incas in Peru anyone know what treaty give Portugal the rights to Brazil?

  9. The major players: The Spanish • colonies led by Spanish born governors • creoles have little power • person of European descent born in Spanish (or French) held territory • economy based on mercantilism (Gold/ Silver/Art Vandelay...Seinfeld anyone?!?) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0Xtsi7Jcec • most conquistadors (colonizers) are men between the ages of 20-30, looking for wealth • Impact on native population • destruction of long established civilizations • intermarriage • extermination (Mexico 25mil to 2mil) • exploitation through labor • encomiendas (like plantations) • given as a reward to successful conquistadores • conversion to Catholicism

  10. The Major Players: The French 1530s-1540s: looking for Northwest Passage • direct water route to the Pacific Ocean (doesn’t exist) • did help to establish French dominance of N. American waterways Early attempts at creating permanent settlements failed • weather, lack of supplies, the usual

  11. The Major Players: The French • Divided into 2 territories • one in present day Canada one in Louisiana • 1608: Quebec • 1st permanent French settlement • 1682: Louisiana claimed by the French

  12. The major players: The French Canada: • peaceful French / Native American relations • focus on fur trade meant little competition over land • intermarriage strengthened trade relations Louisiana: • initial focus on fur trade meant peaceful relations • introduction of tobacco farming in 1719 led to tensions over land • French settlers began to bring wives, less intermarriage

  13. The major players: The French Colonial Gov: • governor appointed by Monarch • military trading posts placed along rivers • slavery was uncommon • immigration into colonies controlled • Huguenots (french protestants) • policy of “Francisation” • assimilate the Native Americans into French culture • Jesuit missionaries • not very successful • matrilineal culture • most Frenchmen were more concerned with fur trade than assimilating Native Americans

  14. The Major Players: The Dutch Dutch East India Company became interested in N.A. after Henry Hudson traveled the river that bears his name • Thrived on fur trade • didn’t care to expand • New Netherlands • New Amsterdam • New Sweden • eventually England forcibly took these colonies • New York and New Jersey (1664)

  15. The Major Players: England • Got a relatively late start compared to other European powers • Why?!? • religious conflict (HVIII & Liz) • probs with Spanish • probs with Irish

  16. The major players: England How do they come to dominate N. America? • 1570s/80s: Queen Elizabeth encourages plundering of Spanish ships • Sir Francis Drake / “sea dogs” • 1588: British Navy annihilates the Spanish Armada • “Protestant Wind”

  17. The major players: England What is happening in England to advance colonization? • population growth • 1550: 3 mil • 1600: 4 mil • landlords pushing tenants off grazing land • hurt “woolen districts” • puritan strongholds • primogeniture laws • first son gets it ALL • joint-stock companies • 1604 Peace treaty with Spain

  18. The major players: England • Who are the English Colonists? • those seeking $ • those fleeing from religious persecution • those fleeing political persecution / turmoil

  19. The major players: England • concentrate along east coast...late start • first settlers need permission (charters) • 3 types of charters • royal: owned by king/queen • proprietary: individuals were awarded land grants they would supervise and govern, colonial governors report directly to the King / queen • self-governing colonies: king / queen grants charter to joint stock company, company sets up its own government independent of the crown • king can revoke it at anytime • This is how House of Burgesses is created

  20. England: Early attempts at colonization (these are the peeps seeking $) 1583: Newfoundland Sir Humphrey Gilbert 1584-1590: Roanoke • Sir Walter Raleigh • gets charter from bro • Art Barlowe= “roanoke is pretty rad” • Liz = wealth and outpost for Spanish raids • names new territory Virginia • 114 settlers: men, women, and children • Virginia Dare: first English child born in America • the lost colony • “croatoan” carved on tree, name of local Native American tribe • DNA project

  21. Jamestown: 1st successful colony for England • 1606: Virginia Company of London gets charter (self governing) • purpose of colony = profit • charter issued by King James I gives colonists same rights as Englishmen • this will come into play after F/I war

  22. Jamestown: The early years • 105 men focused all of their efforts on getting rich • led by loose organization of 13 men • more than ½ died within 1st year • 1608: John Smith takes over as leader, organizes group • build adequate shelter • hunt, farm, fish • rules regarding sanitation • maintained friendly ties with Powhatan Confederacy • legend?!? • returns to London 1609 • NOT GOOD!!! • cannibalism • The Starving Time http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/01/us/jamestown-cannibalism/index.html?hpt=us_r1 “He who shall not work shall not eat”

  23. Jamestown the early years Why does the Starving Time end? • June 1610: Lord De La Warr arrives with supplies and whips everyone into shape • seen as 2nd savior of Jamestown. • he begins to undertake military action against the Native Americans • 1st Powhatan war begins • Va company : “use irish tactics” • he returns to England 1611

  24. Jamestown: How does it last!?! Tobacco, representative gov, and LADIES Tobacco: John Rolfe/ Pocahontas, and Tobacco • 1st Powhatan War (1609-1614) • Rolfe helps to neg peace marries Pocahontas (peace for 8 years) • Colony finally becomes prosperous

  25. Jamestown: How does it last?!? The headright system (1618) : To help grow more tobacco!!!!! • Colonists already in Va granted two “headrights” • two tracts of 50 acres each, or a total of 100 acres of land. • Each new settlers who paid their own passage to Virginia were granted one headright. • Wealthy can earn headrights by paying for others to come • Indentured Servants : 5-7 years of labor to landowner

  26. Jamestown: How did it last?!? Representative Gov: House of Burgesses • 1619: Va company: settlers should be consulted on all matters • property owning males could vote for a burgess (rep) • 1st rep gov in English colonies • also the first year African slaves were sent to the colony

  27. Jamestown: How did it last?!? Hey, ladies!!!! • needed to “settle the men” • 1619: 100 women arrive • some volunteer to come, others are convicts • men had to pay the Va company 100 lbs of tobacco for a bride (that’s true love)

  28. Jamestown: problems with Native Americans 1622 : • Native Americans from around the Chesapeake Bay attacked and massacred about 350 settlers • Rolfe killed • Va company = called for “a perpetual war without peace or truce” • King James took managment away from the VA company and Jamestown becomes a royal colony

  29. Plymouth Colony http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cAZ8QJgFHOg

  30. Plymouth Plantation (these are the peeps seeking religious freedom) • Virginia Company of London sent 24 families across the Atlantic on the Mayflower in 1620 • agreed to send fur, timber, and fish back to VC for 7 years • led by Separatists (Pilgrims) • pilgrims = want to separate from Church of England • plymouth • puritans = want to practice a pure form of the Anglican religion • Massachusetts Bay Colony

  31. Plymouth Plantation Mayflower Compact • landed at Plymouth Bay, outside of official charter territory • created compact to assure King James I that they would refer to the crown • often referred to as the first written Constitution • just stated they would form a crude gov and be loyal to the King

  32. Massachusetts Bay Colony • Puritans • John Winthrop's “city upon a hill”

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