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FUNGI

Learn about the characteristics, reproduction, examples, and roles of fungi. Explore how fungi can be beneficial in industries such as food and medicine, as well as their potential disadvantages in causing allergies and crop damage.

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FUNGI

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  1. FUNGI

  2. Basic Characteristics • Fungi are heterotrophs that absorb their food. • Fungal cell walls are made of chitin. • Fungi are multicellular organisms, with the exception of yeasts.

  3. Inside of a Fungus

  4. FUNGI • 3 phyla: • Zygomycota • Basidiomycota • Ascomycota

  5. Ascocarp – cuplike structure from which ascospores are released ASCOMYCOTAcharacteristics

  6. “sac fungi” – sacs (asci) within ascocarp ASCOMYCOTAcharacteristics

  7. Brewer’s & baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae ASCOMYCOTAexamples

  8. morels ASCOMYCOTAexamples

  9. truffles ASCOMYCOTAexamples

  10. Asexual – conidia, budding Sexual – asci produce ascospores ASCOMYCOTAreproduction

  11. ASCOMYCOTAreproduction

  12. Basidiocarp aboveground structure consisting of a stalk & cap with rows of gills radiating out from the center BASIDIOMYCOTAcharacteristics

  13. BASIDIOMYCOTAcharacteristics • “club fungi” – clublike basidia

  14. mushrooms BASIDIOMYCOTAexamples

  15. Jelly fungi BASIDIOMYCOTAexamples

  16. Puffballs BASIDIOMYCOTAexamples

  17. BASIDIOMYCOTAexamples • Bracket fungi

  18. Asexual – rare Sexual – basidia produce basidiospores BASIDIOMYCOTAreproduction

  19. BASIDIOMYCOTAreproduction

  20. ZYGOMYCOTAcharacteristics • Mostly terrestrial found primarily in soil rich in organic matter

  21. Bread mold (Rhizopus) Penicillium species ZYGOMYCOTAexamples

  22. ZYGOMYCOTAreproduction

  23. Asexual - sporangiospores Sexual – conjugation results in zygospores ZYGOMYCOTAreproduction

  24. Reproduction • Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. • Yeasts reproduce asexually through budding. • Fungi reproduce sexually by producing spores. (Look back at different phyla).

  25. Fungi may be decomposers, pathogens, or mutualists. • Fungi and bacteria are the main decomposers in any ecosystem. • decompose dead leaves, twigs, logs, and animals • return nutrients to the soil • can damage fruit trees and wooden structures

  26. Fungi can act as pathogens. • human diseases include ringworm and athlete’s foot • plant diseases include Dutch elm disease • Mold spores • Attack crops (corn)

  27. Fungi can act as mutualists. - lichens form between fungi and algae - mycorrhizae form between fungi and plants

  28. Benefits/Advantages • Production of antibiotics – penicillin, cephalosporin • Yeast is used to produce ethanol, a main ingredient in the automobile fuel gasohol

  29. Benefits • Used in food industry: • Mushrooms used as food – Agaricus (white button), shiitake, portabella, truffles, morels • Cheeses – blue, brie • Beer, wine – yeast used in fermentation • Soy products – miso, soy sauce, tofu • Breads – yeast causes bread to rise

  30. Benefits • Many are decomposers – cycle matter & nutrients in the ecosystem

  31. Disadvantages • Mold spores can cause mild to severe allergies – sniffling, sneezing, & respiratory distress • Attack food crops – corn, beans, onions, squashes, tomatoes • Cause skin infections – athlete’s foot, ringworm, jock itch, vaginal yeast infection • Can be poisonous • Amanita (“death angel” or “destroying angel”) can destroy the liver within 1 week • Aspergillus produce aflatoxins – poisons that cause liver cancer

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