1 / 42

گارگاه کامپیوتر History!

گارگاه کامپیوتر History!. تهيه كننده: علي برادران هاشمي. Computer Definition.

lois-nieves
Download Presentation

گارگاه کامپیوتر History!

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. گارگاه کامپیوترHistory! تهيه كننده: علي برادران هاشمي

  2. Computer Definition • A Computer is a devicethat is capable of solving problems or manipulating data by accepting data as input, performing prescribed operations both mathematical and logical on the data, and then supplying the results of these operations. • A Computer (Computer System) denotes a set of computer hardware and computer software that is used as a single unit.

  3. Computer History • First Generation (1940s to 1959): Vacuum tubes • Second Generation (1950s-65): Transistors • Third Generation (late 1950s -71): Integrated Circuits • Fourth Generation (1971-Present): Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) • Fifth Generation (1981-2000): VLSI Japanese 5th-Generation Computer Project • Sixth Generation (From 1980s): Artificial Neural Networks

  4. 1st Generation Computing(1945-1955) • Mostly hard wired vacuum tube machines • 1 user and 1 task • different binary-coded program called a machine language • Pre-Operating System • ENIAC IBM 709 (IBM's first generation of big scientific vacuum tube computers –1959)

  5. ENIAC • Electronic Numeral Integrator And Computer • University of Pennsylvania • Consisting of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints • 160 kilowatts !! • general-purpose computer • Instructions and Data both in memory. • Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) designed by Von Neumann

  6. First Computer Bug

  7. 2nd Generation Computing(1955-1965) • 1955 introduced the transistor • Introduction of separation of system designers and operators • Punched card era • Magnetic tapes • Introduction of batch systems • Minimal Operating System tasks • system compilers • system loaders

  8. 2nd Generation Computing(1955-1965) IBM 7094 IBM 1401

  9. 2nd Generation Computing(1955-1965) Early Batch System Operation

  10. 2nd Generation Computing(1955-1965) • Programmer produced punched card collection (PCC) • Multiple PCC’s were transferred to tape • Tape was run on mainframe • Output printed after all jobs complete

  11. 3rd Generation Computing(1965-1980) • Integrated Circuit (IC) (1958) • semiconductor • Introduction of basic OS concepts • Monitor and keyboard • Magnetic disk • Birth of Unix • Move to standardized hardware • Multiprogramming gained over batch • multiple jobs in memory at the same time • Becoming smaller & more general purpose • multiple jobs in memory at the same time • Most computing done on Mainframes • birth of the minicomputer (e.g. DEC PDP-11)

  12. 3rd Generation Computing(1965-1980) Cray 23 Cray 29

  13. 3rd Generation Computing(1965-1980) • IBM System 360 (360 degrees) • Standard data format

  14. 3rd Generation Computing(1965-1980) • Multiprogramming • many jobs in memory at once • scheduling became important (1 CPU)

  15. 4th Generation Computing(1980 - Present) • go down - in size • very large scale integration (VLSI) • Growth of the microcomputer (PC) • Widespread use of general purpose single user systems • Timesharing and GUI environments • Introduction of DOS IBM PC 1

  16. 4th Generation Computing(1980 - Present) • DOS • originally produce by Tim Paterson at Seattle Computer Products • bought then modified by Bill Gates and Tim Paterson to become MS-DOS • added BASIC • packaged with IBM’s PC 1 • Lead to the development of Windows in 1985

  17. 4th Generation Computing(1980 - Present) • ASCI White • Most powerful computing platform ever built! • 12.3 TeraOps (12,300,000,000,000 operations per second)

  18. What is a Computer? • Computers are electronic devices that process information. Keys : 1. Data -> Operands 2. Instructions or Operations -> Operators

  19. Computer classifications • Flexibility (general or special purpose) • Purpose (scientific, business ) • Power • MIPS (Millions Instructions Per Seconds) • MFLOPS (Mega Floating-point Operations Per Second)

  20. Classification by size Supercomputers Mainframes Workstations Microcomputers Microcontrollers

  21. Supercomputers • priced from $500,000 to more than $85 million • thousands of processors CRAY-1, CRAY-2, CRAY-3 • Switching time • Heat IBM ASCI White

  22. Mainframes • cost $5000 - $5 million • vary in size from small, to medium, to large, depending on their use • Terminal : means often used to access a mainframe • a display screen and a keyboard • No process • Price • Special requirements (power, air-conditioning) VP2400 mainframe

  23. Mini computers and Work Stations • Mini Computers • Multi user • but usually as dedicated computer • DEC, IBM, HP • Workstations • expensive, powerful computers • usually used for complex scientific, mathematical, and CAD/CAM

  24. Micro Computers • Also called personal computers • Cost $500 - $5000 • Laptop computers Sony tower PC

  25. Micro Computers • PDA - also called handheld computers or palmtops • personal organization tools • schedule planners, • address books • to-do lists--with • send e-mail and faxes. • Well-known makers of PDAs include Palm, Handspring, Sony, and Compaq.

  26. Micro controllers • also called embedded computers. • Tiny, specialized microprocessors installed in “smart” appliances and automobiles.

  27. The most important definition Software/Hardware • Hardware • All the machinery and equipment in a computer system • Software • All the instructions (programs) that tell the computer how to perform a task

  28. Software/Hardware (Another def.) • Computer Hardware The collection of equipment (keyboard, screen, printer, diskette drive, hard disk drive, central processing unite, memory and so on) along with all of the components that connect these equipment together. • Computer Software All programs (operation system, application software, operating environment) that govern the operation of computer and make the hardware run.

  29. basic operations • Input • Processing • Storage • Output • Communications Keyboard Mouse

  30. Processing • Processing • the manipulation a computer does to transform data into information. • Case or system cabinet – • the box that houses the processor chip (CPU), • the memory chips, • the motherboard with power supply • some secondary storage devices. • iMac !? Case

  31. Processing Cont. • Processor chip – • A tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of miniature electronic circuits. Also called the CPU (Central Processing Unit). • Also known as RAM (Random Access Memory). • Represent primary storage or temporary storage. • Hold data before processing and information after processing. Memory chips

  32. Storage • Primary storage (memory) • Computer circuitry that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed • Secondary storage (storage) • The area in the computer where data or information is held permanently

  33. Storage Cont. • Byte - 1 character of data • Kilobyte - 1024 characters • Megabyte - 1024 KBytes • Gigabyte - 1024 MBytes • Terabyte - 1024 GBytes

  34. Storage Cont. • Floppy-disk drive - a storage device that stores data on removable 3.5-inch-diameter diskettes. • Zip-disk drive - a storage device that stores data on floppy-disk cartridges with 70-170 times the capacity of the standard floppy. Floppy disk Zip disk

  35. Storage Cont. • Hard-disk drive - a storage device that stores billions of characters of data on a nonremovable disk. Hard-disk drive

  36. Storage Cont. • CD (Compact Disk) drive • DVD (Digital Video Disk) drive - a storage device that uses laser technology to read data from optical disks.

  37. Outputs • Output hardware • devices which translate info processed by the computer into a form that humans can understand. • Peripheral device • any component or piece of equipment that expands a computer’s input, storage, and output capabilities. • Sound card • enhances the computer’s sound-generating capabilities by allowing sound to be output through speakers.

  38. Outputs Cont. • Monitor - the display device that takes the electrical signals from the video card and forms an image using points of colored light on the screen. • Printer - an output device that produces text and graphics on paper.

  39. Outputs Cont. • Modem - a device that sends and receives data over telephone lines to and from computers.

  40. Put all the hardware together and…

  41. Any Question?

More Related