Mike Bruford, Cardiff University

1. Feeding project findings into CBD policy and regulatory practices: a comparison of policy change in Peru, Malaysia and (sort of) Gabon Mike Bruford, Cardiff University

2. Projects discussed here • N251 - Conservation and Genetic Resources Management of Vicuna and Guanaco in Peru • 08/044: Conservation of the western lowland gorilla in Gabon • 09/016: Conservation of the orang-utan in Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sabah, Malaysia …different issues highlighted

3. Article 7. Identification and Monitoring (SURVEYS) • Article 8. In-situ Conservation (MANAGEMENT PLANS) • Article 9. Ex-situ Conservation (CAPTIVE PROPAGATION AND EDUCATION) • Article 10. Sustainable Use of Components of Biological Diversity (POPULATION BIOLOGY) • Article 12. Research and Training (COURSES / POSTGRADUATE) • Article 15. Access to Genetic Resources (IDENTIFICATION / UTILISATION) • Article 16. Access to and Transfer of technology (TRAINING / ESTABLISHMENT) • Article 18. Technical and Scientific Cooperation(LONG-TERM COLLABORATION <SCHOLARSHIP>) • Article 19. Handling of Biotechnology and Distribution of its Benefits(GENETIC RESOURCES) Elements most relevant to our projects

4. The anatomy of a project: Peru, politics and perspiration!

5. Timeline • 1960’s, only 5 to 10,000 vicuna survived in Peru, < 1% of the 2 million estimated prior to the Spanish conquest • 1967 Peru declares vicuna an endangered species and establishes Pampa Galeras reserve • 1972 German aid to Pampa Galeras, crucial in setting up and managing the reserve, based on strict protectionism, starts • 1975 CITES comes into force: vicuna placed in Appendix 1 • 1981 German aid to Pampa Galeras ends as terrorism increases • 1987 vicuna pops in Junin, Ayacucho, Puno and Arequipa classified CITES Appendix 2, - 63,223 vicuna censused in Peru • 1989 Sendero luminosa attack Galeras twice in one week and all personnel withdrawn ending protection for the vicuna. • 1991 legal custody of vicuna passes to campesino communities, marking the shift from protectionism to utilization via live shearing. • 1993 Abimel Guzman, the leader of Sendero Luminoso captured. • 1994 government presence in area of vicuna protection slowly reestablished in the countryside and at Pampa Galeras. • 1995 Peru’s entire vicuna population placed on Appendix 2 CITES. • 1995 Peruvian Law changes : vicuna are the property of the campesinos on whose land they live – leading to fences etc. • 1996 programme to build fences began with 9 million dollar rotating fund, aims to build 500 corrals. Programme continues until 2000. • 2005 CONACS reported 27,000 vicuna in captivity.

7. Timeline (ctd) • 1997 - 2000 Darwin vicuna project, 3 years after CONACS staff return to Pampa Galeras. • Galeras devastated – no infrastructure.. • Project carried out in collaboration with IVITA, Faculty of Vet Med, San Marcos University. • Re-initiation of foreign aid for scientific research related to camelids after a 10 year hiatus caused by the Sendero Luminoso terrorism in Peru. • In San Marcos the Darwin project represents the return of foreign researchers and funds for work in the area of camelids. • The approach of the Darwin project was something entirely new in Peruvian camelid management. Few appreciated that scientific data was necessary for developing conservation and management plans. • Two (competing) GOs responsible for vicuna • Therefore it was very hard to make the authorities listen to the results and implications of our study given the euphoria of having had the entire population reclassified in Appendix 2.

8. Then…

9. Tambo Paccha red Yantac red Pampa Galeras 2 red Picotani red Management units of wild vicuna in Peru (based on 10 microsatellites) JUNIN NOROESTE JUNIN SUR ANDES CENTRALES Core scientific result of the project PUNO

10. Timeline (ctd) • 1999 US Fish and Wildlife Service publishes proposed rule to reclassify certain vicuna populations from Threatened to Endangered, with a Special Rule, comments open, becomes law 1 July 2002. • Rules against captive breeding and says Peru should adjust its vicuna programme to provide protection for the 4 populations identified by our research. This is considered an obligation that must be complied with and shown to be done during the review process conducted every 2 years. See: www.fws.gov/policy/library/02fr37695.pdf • 2003, at the meeting of the Andean Vicuna Convention held in Arica, Chile, a resolution was adopted requiring the member countries to use DNA in the development of management plans for the vicuna and the adjust their protection systems to the results of such research, specifically mentioning our work, the result of the Darwin project, and that of J.C. Marin. • Now being implemented and extended (+ for the guanaco) • Almost all major articles of the Convention come into play here!

11. Economic development and wildlife conservation in Malaysia – myth and reality in the rainforest??

12. The dramatic collapse of orangutan populations has been linked to human activity, new genetic evidence shows. Researchers report that a population crash occurred during the past 200 years, coinciding with deforestation in the same area. The study focuses on orangutans found in the forests of Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary in Malaysia. Writing in the journal Plos Biology, researchers suggest that the outlook is "bleak" unless urgent action is taken. Genetic profile The team looked at 200 orangutans living along the Kinabatangan river. These animals are confined to fragmented patches of forest. By collecting the orangutans' hair and faeces, the researchers were able to extract DNA to create genetic profiles, which could then be used to study genetic diversity…... Genes record orangutans' decline Deforestation has had a huge impact on orangutan numbers

13. Median time since the beginning of the population crash dates to 210 years ago Significant support for c.1900 Major deforestation is known to have started around 1860…

14. August 2003: PHVA, Kota Kinabalu • End of 09/016 • 56% of 13,000 extant orang-utans are in forestry management units • Management options?? • (current decline = extinction in wild by 2050)

15. Large amounts of local media coverage: focuses on tourism, logging and oil palm…

16. Collaboration with Sabah Wildlife Department and DANIDA Minister of the Environment backs low impact logging and tourism plan…

17. Building capacity in tropical molecular ecology CIRMF: only molecular research institute in central Africa

18. Un nouveau cours ouvert à tous à l’USTM sur: • LA DIVERSITÉ BIOLOGIQUE • ET SA CONSERVATION • Un projet en collaboration entre le Centre International de Recherches Médicales à Franceville, L’Université de Cardiff, et l’USTM, Franceville.

19. Eight week undergraduate course in biodiversity (2nd year students) – first ever course in conservation biology in Gabon

20. Les contenus du cours Biodiversité: Ecologie and evolution: gènes, espèces et écosystèmes gènes et populations biogeography spéciation croissance et dynamiques des populations Extinction: du passée et du présent vulnérabilité à l’extinction impacts humains problèmes des petites populations Les applications au gestion: L’analyse de la viabilité Planification d’une réserve Stratégies in situ vs. ex situ

21. Field courses, assessment, – for many, the first time they have been in the forest…Identification of promising students, further training (summer internships) In 2002 at Johannesburg, President Bongo announces the creation of 13 new national parks (11% of land mass) Students identified from this course who received further training and are now working for the new National Parks Council, WCS, CIRMF, among others… Without the project there would be even fewer locally trained scientists to implement the new National Park protection plan Conservation becomes a major employer…

22. PERU Miranda Kadwell Helen Stanley Matilde Fernández Raúl Rosadio Jane Wheeler Ricardo Baldi Lounès Chikhi Ciara Dodd Jorge Rodgriguez Katherine Yaya CONACS British Embassy COLLABORATORS GABON Nicky Anthony Mireille Bawe-Johnson Kate Abernethy Stephen Clifford Kathryn Jeffery Caroline Tutin Lee White Jean Wickings Georges Azzibrouck Patrick Mickala Cristiane Atteke MALAYSIA Benoît Goossens Mohd. Fairus Jali Sheena James Marc Ancrenaz Isabelle Lackmann Ancrenaz Lounès Chikhi KOCP – esp Jamil Sinyor and Zul Abdullah Maryati Mohammed Sabah Wildlife Department (Laurentius Ambu/Patrick Andau) Joanna Setchell Soren Jensen (DANIDA)